Cocaine enhances HIV replication by inducing transcriptionally active chromatin s

描述（由申请人提供）：注射和非注射药物使用和滥用仍然是艾滋病毒感染和传播的重要辅助因素。滥用药物如可卡因也与HIV-1相关的发病机制有关，如HAD、HAND。很明显，滥用药物，包括可卡因，可以改变细胞表观遗传学和信号通路，最终调节几个细胞基因的表达。因此，如果整合的HIV前病毒的基因表达也受到这种类型的刺激的影响，这并不奇怪。尽管可卡因导致的HIV基因表达目前主要归因于几种趋化因子、细胞因子、信号通路和一些病毒蛋白（例如达特和Env）的上调，但是，滥用药物引起的表观遗传学变化等分子机制可以更好地解释即使在去除滥用药物后仍持续诱导几种基因的表达，这是通常的情况。为了更好地了解滥用药物与艾滋病毒复制之间复杂的相互作用，必须调查滥用药物对艾滋病毒基因表达的影响，特别是在脑细胞中的影响，因为脑是滥用药物和艾滋病毒的靶器官。可卡因是美国最广泛滥用的药物之一，它既损害脑细胞的正常功能，也激活中枢神经系统（CNS）中的HIV基因表达。因此，滥用可卡因的艾滋病毒感染者比非滥用者经历更严重和更快的神经艾滋病发作。 在这项资助中，我们将研究可卡因在两种主要巨噬细胞，小胶质细胞（来自大脑）和外周巨噬细胞（来自PBMC的MDM）中调节HIV基因表达和复制的分子机制。已知辅酶A通过调节特定酶组诱导选择性染色质修饰来调节几种细胞基因的表达。我们将研究可卡因诱导的选择性核心组蛋白乙酰化在原代巨噬细胞中如何影响整合的HIV前病毒的基因表达。这些改变最终导致免疫系统和神经系统更快地恶化，这在吸毒者艾滋病毒患者中非常普遍。更广泛的影响：这项工作预计将导致新的表观遗传途径的发现，这可能会导致新的治疗策略，以解决由于吸毒者艾滋病毒患者异常前病毒基因表达和复制而导致的几种不良疾病结果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Injection and non-injection drug use and abuse remain significant cofactors for HIV infection and transmission. The drugs of abuse such as cocaine has also been implicated in HIV-1-associated pathogenesis e.g. HAD, HAND. It has become clear that drugs of abuse, including cocaine can modify both cellular epigenetics and signaling pathways, which ultimately modulate the expression of several cellular genes. Therefore, it would not be surprising if the gene expression of integrated HIV proviruses are also influenced with this type of stimuli. Although, HIV gene expression by cocaine until now is mainly attributed to up regulation of several chemokines, cytokines, signaling pathways and some of viral proteins (e.g. Tat and Env), however, the molecular mechanism such as epigenetic changes by drugs of abuse could explain better the continuous induction of several genes even after removal of drug of abuse, which is normally the case. In order to develop better understanding of the complex interplay between drugs of abuse and HIV replication, it is important to investigate the impact of drugs of abuse on HIV gene expression especially in brain cells, as brain is the target organ for both drugs of abuse and HIV. Cocaine is one of the most widely abused drugs in the United States, which both impair the normal functioning of brain cells and also activate HIV gene expression in central nervous system (CNS). As a result, HIV-infected individuals who abuse cocaine experience more severe and rapid onset of NeuroAIDS than non-abusing individuals. In this grant we will study the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIV gene expression and replication by cocaine in two primary macrophage cells, microglial (from brain) and peripheral macrophage (MDMs from PBMCs). Cocaine is known to modulate expression of several cellular genes via inducing selective chromatin modifications by regulating specific set of enzymes. We will investigate how gene expression of integrated HIV provirus is affected by cocaine induced selective core histones acetylations in primary macrophage cells. These modifications ultimately contribute to more rapid deterioration of immune and nervous system, which is quite prevalent in drug addict HIV patients. Broader Impact: This work is expected to lead towards the discovery of new epigenetic pathways, which could direct towards the new therapeutic strategies to address several adverse disease outcomes due to aberrant proviral gene expression and replication in drug addict HIV patients.