Changing Environmental Influences on Adolescent Alcohol Use and Risk Behaviors

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年越来越自由地探索不同的环境，潜在地增加了暴露于情境风险的风险，如社会混乱。在社会混乱的地区，居民难以维持社会秩序和身体秩序，这与青少年吸毒/犯罪的增加有关。酒精销售点是混乱的指标，通过增加获得酒精的机会和将酒精使用视为规范来影响青少年的酒精使用。此外，情境资源，如集体效能，一种基于邻居之间的社会关系的资源，以及他们为了邻居的利益而进行干预的意愿，可能会防止青少年的危险行为。先前的研究没有动态地考虑上下文，而是关注一个静态区域，通常是行政单位（例如，青少年家周围的人口普查区作为环境影响区域）。然而，这些单位可能没有捕捉到青少年花费时间的环境风险/资源，潜在地错过了对ATOD使用/犯罪的关键影响。通过测量青少年花时间的所有地方，这里称为“动态环境”，我们将解决过去研究中的这一空白。本研究的目的是：1)检验青少年的动态环境是否包含不同的地理区域，是否比他们的居住环境反映出更高的社会无序程度和更低的集体效能水平；2)测试青少年的动态环境是否会随着他们进入青春期后期而扩大并转移到更大的社会混乱和更少的环境资源的领域；(3)测试a)动态环境下社会混乱暴露的增加和集体效能暴露的减少是否独立地促进了青春期ATOD/犯罪的增加；b)在控制协变量的情况下，这些动态环境暴露的变化比居住空间的社会无序性/集体效能更能预测青少年的危险行为。325名14-16岁的学生将被跟踪一个月，分三次进行。具有gps功能的智能手机将用于测量青少年的旅行模式，以描绘青少年的动态环境，并允许将混乱和集体效能的测量附加到位置点上，从而量化受环境影响的程度。使用手机还可以通过文本提示的网络调查进行生态瞬间评估（EMA），以评估ATOD的使用/违法行为，以确定这些实时评估的行为与暴露于混乱和集体效能之间的关系。这项研究将建立在一项正在进行的资助赠款的基础上，该赠款提供了一个现有的抽样框架和档案背景数据。这项拟议的研究扩展了传统的环境影响观点，使用一种新颖的GPS- EMA综合方法来检查考虑青少年在哪里花费时间的重要性，因为这些可能与风险行为更相关。必须了解这一点，以便为预防工作/政策提供信息。这项研究可以指导未来的预防工作，通过青少年的旅行模式识别危险行为的前兆，使用手机传递接近危险行为的预防信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Teens' increased freedom to explore different environments potentially increases exposure to contextual risks such as social disorganization. Socially disorganized areas, in which residents have difficulty maintaining social and physical order, are related to increased teen ATOD use/delinquency. Alcohol outlets, indicators of disorganization, influence teen alcohol use through increased access and perceptions of alcohol use as normative. In addition, contextual resources such as collective efficacy, a resource based on social ties among neighbors and their willingness to intervene for the good of the neighborhood may protect against teen risk behavior. Prior studies have not considered context dynamically, instead focusing on a static area, typically administrative units (e.g., census tracts around the teen's home as the area of environmental influence. However, these units may not capture contextual risks/resources where teens spend time, potentially missing a key influence on ATOD use/delinquency. By instead measuring all the places teens spend time, termed here "dynamic context," we will address this gap in past research. The aims of the study are to: 1) Test whether teens' dynamic context includes different geographical areas and reflects greater levels of social disorganization and lower levels of collective efficacy than their residential context; 2) Test whether teens' dynamic contexts broaden and shift to areas of greater social disorganization and fewer contextual resources as they progress into older adolescence; and 3) Test whether: a) increases in exposure to social disorganization and decreases in exposure to collective efficacy in the dynamic context contribute independently to increases in ATOD/delinquency throughout adolescence; and b) these changes in exposure in the dynamic context are more predictive of teen risk behaviors than social disorganization/collective efficacy in the residential space, controlling for covariates. 325 14-16 year olds will be tracked for one month over 3 annual waves. GPS-enabled smartphones will be used to measure teen travel patterns to delineate teens' dynamic contexts, and allow measures of disorganization and collective efficacy to be appended to location points, thus quantifying exposure to contextual influences. Using the phones will also allow ecological momentary assessment (EMA) through text-prompted web surveys to assess ATOD use/delinquency to determine how these behaviors assessed in real-time are linked to exposure to disorganization and collective efficacy. The study will build on an ongoing funded grant that provides an existing sampling frame and archival contextual data. The proposed study expands traditional views of contextual influences by using a novel GPS- EMA integrated approach to examine the importance of considering exposures where teens spend time, as these may be more relevant for risk behaviors. This must be understood in order to inform prevention efforts/policy. This study could guide future prevention efforts that use the phones to deliver prevention messages proximal to risk behaviors by identifying precursors of risk behavior through teens' travel patterns.