Cognitive Architecture of Bilingual Language Processing

项目摘要/摘要 这项拟议的研究将双语能力作为研究人类语言基本原则的一种手段 和认知，以及理解美国快速增长的双语群体本身的目的。 人口(以及世界上大多数人口)处理语言。建议的目标是 研究旨在考察双语对语言(目标1)、认知(目标2)和大脑的影响 (目标3)。所采用的方法包括眼睛跟踪、脑电、计算机建模和 双语者和单语者的认知和语言测试。我们之前的研究表明，双语者 当输入重叠时，在口语理解过程中同时激活两种语言 跨语言的音素形式。研究一旨在揭示非目的语的隐性共激活 在口语理解期间，当输入形式没有重叠时，通过从 共同激活的翻译相当于非目标语中的语音重叠项。研究2 我将考察自上而下、侧向和自下而上机制在双语共同激活过程中的作用 口语处理。研究3-5将表明，系统的变化是由于经历了两个 互动语言不仅限于语言加工，还延伸到非语言认知 视觉搜索等流程。这项研究将表明，视觉搜索期间的眼球运动受 即使在没有语言信息的情况下也能共同激活两种语言，从而表明 语言体验改变了视觉搜索。研究6将使用脑电来观察神经信号和时间过程 双语口语理解中的语言共激活和控制。从理论上讲， 拟议的研究有助于理解经验，特别是两种语言的经验， 重新配置认知架构并改变语言、认知和神经功能。这项研究 说明了人脑在适应多种语言时的可塑性，并提供了 从双语的独特视角洞察语言与认知之间的关系。 解决更广泛的社会需求，这项工作对大多数人具有实际意义 在家说英语以外的语言的美国人口，对他们来说，临床和教育 可以通过开发利用两者之间的互动的干预措施来改善结果 语言，例如，通过使用形式重叠的项目(语音队列、同源词)来促进联合 在治疗和学习过程中激活这两种语言。医疗服务依赖于准确的 认知、语言和神经功能，拟议的研究有助于这些功能的发展 为那些系统被双语改变的人所做的解释，因此科学知识的好处是 不限于人口的子集，并扩展到语言不同的群体。

Project Summary/Abstract The proposed research uses bilingualism as a means to study general principles underlying human language and cognition, as well as an end in itself to understand how the rapidly growing bilingual segment of the U.S. population (and the majority of the world's population) processes language. The objective of the proposed research is to examine the consequences of bilingualism for language (Aim 1), cognition (Aim 2), and the brain (Aim 3). The methods employed include eye-tracking, electroencephalography, computational modeling, and cognitive and linguistic testing of bilinguals and monolinguals. Our previous research has shown that bilinguals co-activate both languages in parallel during spoken language comprehension when input overlaps in phonological form across languages. Study 1 aims to reveal covert co-activation of the non-target language during spoken comprehension when there is no overlap in input form, via multi-step cascading activation from the co-activated translation equivalent to phonologically overlapping items in the non-target language. Study 2 will examine the roles of top-down, lateral, and bottom-up mechanisms during co-activation in bilingual spoken language processing. Studies 3-5 will show that system changes as a result of experience with two interacting languages are not limited to linguistic processing, but also extend to non-linguistic cognitive processes such as visual search. This work will show that eye movements during visual search are influenced by co-activation of the two languages even when no linguistic information is present, thereby demonstrating that language experience changes visual search. Study 6 will use EEG to look at the neural signature and timecourse of language co-activation and control during bilingual spoken language comprehension. Theoretically, the proposed studies contribute to understanding how experience, particularly experience with two languages, reconfigures cognitive architecture and changes linguistic, cognitive, and neural function. This research illustrates the plasticity of the human brain as it adapts to accommodate multiple languages and provides insight into the relationship between language and cognition from the unique vantage point of bilingualism. Addressing broader societal needs, this work has practical implications for the large segment of the American population speaking a language other than English at home, for whom clinical and educational outcomes could be improved by developing interventions that capitalize on the interaction between the two languages, for example by using form-overlapping items (phonological cohorts, cognates) to facilitate co- activation of the two languages during treatment and learning. Health services depend on accurate models of cognitive, linguistic, and neural function, and the proposed research contributes to the development of such accounts for people whose systems are changed by bilingualism, so that the benefits of scientific knowledge are not limited to a subset of the population and extend to linguistically diverse groups.