Engaging cognition during bilingual language processing

项目总结/摘要 在过去的二十年里，研究人员已经取得了一系列的发现， 促进了我们对语言之间关系的理解， 认知和大脑。一是两种语言竞争选择， 双向的跨语言影响。另一个是使用两种或两种以上的语言， 对认知功能的影响。然而，这项研究只 关注双语的长期后果。因此，我们还不明白 双语者如何从一般领域的认知资源中汲取知识， 真实的时间。此外，虽然传统语言使用者和第二语言学习者是 双语使用者在美国的主导力量，大多数研究 双语现象的后果来自于不具有代表性的人口， 在美国的经验。 拟议的研究旨在利用两个主题的融合， 主要是孤立研究：双语对语言处理的后果， 双语对认知的影响。西班牙语和英语双语者， 发言人和沉浸在英语为主的环境将被检查， 相比于沉浸在西班牙语主导环境中的西班牙语-英语双语者。 同样，西班牙语的高级课堂学习者将与 在国外学习期间沉浸在西班牙语主导环境中的西班牙人。两 实验将使用最近开发的跨任务适应范式进行， 将Stroop任务与语言处理任务交错。这种模式将使我们能够 测量认知任务中经历的冲突如何影响 语言处理（即，冲突适应），并确定是否语言沉浸 地位调节这种冲突适应。在实验1中，电生理反应 （使用事件相关电位; ERP）将被检查，而参与者的名字图片， 西班牙语和英语。在实验2中，眼动追踪将被用来检查参与者如何 在用每种语言阅读时处理句法复杂的句子。与以往大多数 研究，只有一种语言和一种语言特征被检查，这个项目将 检查双语者两种语言的不同语言特征（即，词汇存取 在阅读期间的产生和句子处理）。

Project Summary/Abstract In the last two decades, researchers have made a series of discoveries about bilingualism that have advanced our understanding of the relations between language, cognition, and the brain. One is that the two languages compete for selection, suggesting bidirectional cross-language influences. Another is that using two or more languages has consequences for cognitive functioning across the lifespan. However, this research has only focused on the long-term consequences of bilingualism. Therefore, we do not yet understand how bilinguals draw from domain-general cognitive resources to enable the use of language in real time. Moreover, although heritage speakers and second-language learners are the predominant force of dual-language users in the US, most of the research examining the consequences of bilingualism comes from populations that are not representative of such experience in the US. The proposed research seeks to exploit convergence across two topics that have been largely studied in isolation: the consequences of bilingualism on language processing, and the consequences of bilingualism on cognition. Spanish-English bilinguals who are heritage speakers and are immersed in an English-dominant environment will be examined and compared to Spanish-English bilinguals immersed in a Spanish-dominant environment. Likewise, advanced classroom learners of Spanish will be compared to advanced learners of Spanish who are immersed in a Spanish-dominant environment while studying abroad. Two experiments will be conducted using a recently-developed cross-task adaptation paradigm that interleaves a Stroop task with a language processing task. This paradigm will allow us to measure how conflict experienced in a cognitive task affects conflict experienced during language processing (i.e., conflict adaptation), and to determine whether language immersion status modulates such conflict adaptation. In Experiment 1, electrophysiological responses (using Event-related-potentials; ERPs) will be examined while participants name pictures in Spanish and English. In Experiment 2, eye-tracking will be used to examine how participants process syntactically complex sentences while reading in each language. Unlike most previous research, where only one language and one linguistic feature is examined, this project will examine different linguistic features in both of a bilingual’s languages (i.e., lexical access in production and sentence processing during reading).