Linking Community and Family Characteristics to Adolescent Adjustment

移民家庭中的拉丁裔青年是美国学校人口中增长最快的部分， 外部化和内部化问题的风险以及社会和学术能力的障碍。损害 青少年的适应损害青年和成年人的健康，并促使不平等现象代代相传。 养育过程是拉丁美洲青年适应的强有力的、可塑性的相关因素。拉丁裔父母的一个明显弱点 研究对家庭以外的文化需求和机会关注不够。这些需求和机会 包括语言使用和社区内同种族的集中;学校和同龄人中的歧视和支持 背景;拉丁裔学生在学校的集中度;同伴欺凌受害;以及与 文件状态，歧视，移民和跨国主义。研究中的空白对于新的 移民目的地，缺乏已建立的同族裔飞地和语言障碍， 拉丁裔家庭适应美国的生活。此应用程序的主要目标是详细说明 家庭外的文化需求和机会，拉丁美洲青少年在一个新兴的移民地区的调整。使用 文化知情理论，多层次的数据，和多个中介模型，本研究将测试的假设， 拉丁美洲文化的包容性和社区，学校，同龄人和移民环境的支持将导致下降， 青年的外部化和内部化问题，以及青年的社会和学术能力的提高， 青春期该研究的中介假设是，拉丁美洲文化的包容性和家庭外部的支持将 通过减少与文化适应有关的压力（移民压力源，如驱逐出境）间接影响青年的结果 恐惧、社会孤立和语言障碍;亲子文化适应差距;对青年语言中介的要求）， 反过来，增加有效的养育（支持性养育、父母监督、家庭凝聚力、低冲突）。有效 父母教养方式与青少年的积极适应有显著相关。测试的缓和 调解将根据青少年的性别、年龄、在美国居住的时间长短， 然后过渡到高中使用故意缺失数据设计，本研究将有8个时间点的数据 在亚特兰大郊区的一所学校里，600名拉丁裔父母-青少年代表了6年级到11年级的学生。 区的PI的研究和与学区的伙伴关系加强了拟议研究的可行性。数据将 使用多层次结构方程模型进行分析。与个人和家庭层面的研究相比， 本研究将使用一个与文化相关的家庭外因素的综合理论模型来突出文化适应 压力源、父母教养和拉丁裔青少年适应。结果将确定特定文化的时间和目标 在新移民地区加强家庭干预的政策和方案。三分之一的K-12美国学生将 拉丁美洲人在不到十年的时间里，结果将为减少公共卫生负担的努力提供信息。 美国学校人口。美国拉丁裔人口的增加，新移民地区的快速增长和当前政策 围绕移民问题的辩论突出表明，这项研究是及时的。

Latino youth in immigrant families are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. school population and face elevated risks of externalizing and internalizing problems and barriers to social and academic competence. Compromised adolescent adjustment harms youth and adult health and promotes inter-generational transmissions of inequality. Parenting processes are strong, malleable correlates of Latino youth adjustment. A glaring weakness in Latino parenting research is inadequate attention to extra-familial cultural demands and opportunities. These demands and opportunities include language use and co-ethnic concentration in neighborhoods; discrimination and support in school and peer contexts; Latino student concentration in schools; peer bullying victimization; and immigrant experiences tied to documentation status, discrimination, migration, and transnationalism. Gaps in research are pronounced for new immigrant destinations, where a lack of established co-ethnic enclaves and language barriers pose unique challenges for Latino families adjusting to life in the U.S. The main goal of this application is to specify the cascade of effects from extra-familial cultural demands and opportunities to Latino adolescent adjustment in an emerging immigrant area. Using culturally informed theory, multi-level data, and multiple mediator models, this research will test the hypothesis that Latino cultural inclusion and support in neighborhood, school, peer and immigrant contexts will lead to declines in youth's externalizing and internalizing problems and increases in youth's social and academic competence during adolescence. The study's mediating hypothesis is that Latino cultural inclusion and support external to the family will influence youth outcomes indirectly by reducing acculturation-related stress (immigrant stressors such as deportation fears, social isolation, and language barriers; parent-child acculturation gaps; demands on youth language brokering) and, in turn, increasing effective parenting (supportive parenting, parental monitoring, family cohesion, low conflict). Effective parenting is hypothesized to be associated reciprocally with adolescents' positive adjustment. Tests of moderated mediation will examine variations in pathways to youth outcomes by adolescents' gender, age, length of U.S. residence, and transition to high school. Using an intentionally missing data design, this study will have 8 time points of data spanning 6th to 11th grade for 600 Latino parent-youth dyads representative of Latinos in a suburban Atlanta school district. The PI's research and partnerships with the school district strengthen feasibility for the proposed study. Data will be analyzed using multilevel, structural equation modeling. In a key departure from individual- and family-level studies, this study will use an integrated theoretical model of culturally relevant extra-familial factors salient to acculturation stressors, parenting, and Latino adolescent adjustment. Results will identify the timing and targets of culture-specific policies and programs enhancing family interventions in new immigrant areas. As one-third of K-12 U.S. students will be Latino in less than a decade, results will inform efforts to reduce the public health burden of poor adjustment among the U.S. school population. Increases in the U.S. Latino population, rapid growth in new immigrant areas, and current policy debates around immigration underscore the timely need for this research.