A Neural Study of the Maturational Shift in Emotion Regulation in Healthy Aging and Depression

老年人的情绪幸福感往往与年龄有关，尽管他们的身体和认知能力 拒绝。这种成人情绪调节成熟转变的心理和神经机制 (AMSER)仍有待澄清。格罗斯和他的同事对情绪调节(ER)策略进行了分类 以先行事件为重点(即，在做出完整反应之前修改情绪情况，例如选择性地 积极参与，避免消极刺激或通过重新解释消极的认知重新评价 情况变得不那么消极，等等)和专注于反应(表达抑制)。习惯性使用有效内质网 策略与情绪幸福感有关。然而，ER策略较老的经验证据 成年人习惯性地使用仍然稀疏和混合。一般来说，在中青年中成功的自愿急诊室- 老年人严重依赖于执行控制网络(ECN)的执行控制 情绪突显网络(SN)和情绪加工与反应网络(ERN)； 而不自主ER依赖于默认模式网络的腹内侧额叶皮质(VmPFC) (DMN)来规范SN和ERN。考虑到与年龄相关的背侧执行体脑体积的减少 前额区(主要是ECN)和腹侧前额区相对保存的体积(如vmPFC)， 我们假设老年人使用DMN中的vmPFC作为驱动程序，在这两个过程中调节SN/ERN 自愿和非自愿急诊室。这可以解释患有严重抑郁症的老年人的ER失败，因为 VmPFC和ECN功能障碍是该病的关键特征。相比之下，缓解后的抑郁症患者 (RD)可能在急诊室取得成功，尽管相当一部分RD患者复发(特别是老年患者 成人)。沉思，一种以重复关注情绪痛苦为特征的认知结构，增加了 在RD中抑郁复发的风险。然而，对与ER和复发相关的因素进行了强有力的分析 没有被执行。因此，我们将调查RD患者在多大程度上表现出 规范汇总并确定相关因素。我们的研究将包括45名健康成年人和45名主要 缓解状态的45-75岁抑郁症患者，免费药物治疗，每人15例 诊断x年龄组(45~55岁、55~65岁、65~75岁)。我们将采用情绪古怪和重新评估 任务分别考察非自愿和自愿ER对正性和负性情绪的影响。我们的具体目标 目的是确定1)健康成人和RD成人的AMSER的行为和神经模式。我们还将探索 两组认知功能与成功ER的关系，以及性别差异。 我们的工作假设是：RD受试者在内质网中是异质性的；那些使用不适应内质网(反思症)的人 可能导致DMN在非自愿和自愿时与ECN和SN/ERN的功能连接性降低 呃，这将与情绪下降和未来较高的复发率相关。成功完成 该项目的实施将为进一步研究奠定基础，并为未来新型预防措施的发展提供信息。

Older adults tend to have age-related improvement in emotional well-being despite their physical and cognitive decline. The psychological and neural mechanisms of this adult maturational shift in emotion regulation (AMSER) remain to be elucidated. Gross and colleagues have classified emotion regulation (ER) strategies into antecedent-focused (i.e., modifying emotional situations before making a full response, such as selectively attending positive and avoiding negative stimuli or cognitive reappraisal through reinterpreting negative situations to less negative, etc.) and response-focused (expressive suppression). Habitual use of effective ER strategies is associated with emotional well-being. Yet, the empirical evidence on which ER strategy older adults habitually use remains sparse and mixed. Generally, successful voluntary ER in younger and middle- aged adults depends critically on executive control of the executive control network (ECN) on heightened emotional salience in salience network (SN) and the emotional processing and reactivity network (ERN); whereas involuntary ER depends on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) of the default-mode network (DMN) to regulate SN & ERN. Given the age-associated decrease of brain volume in the dorsal executive prefrontal regions (mainly ECN) and relatively preserved volume in ventral prefrontal regions (such as vmPFC), we hypothesize that older adults use the vmPFC in the DMN as a driver to regulate SN/ERN during both voluntary and involuntary ER. This would explain ER failure in older adults with major depression because vmPFC and ECN dysfunction is a key feature in this condition. In contrast, patients with remitted depression (RD) may have success in ER, although a considerable proportion of RD patients relapse (especially older adults). Rumination, a cognitive construct characterized by repetitive attention to emotional distress, increases the risk of depression relapse in RD. However, a robust analysis of factors associated with ER and relapse has not been performed. Therefore, we will investigate the extent to which individuals with RD display the normative AMSER and identify associated factors. Our study will include 45 healthy adults and 45 major depression patients 45–75 years old in a remitted state and free of medication with 15 subjects in each diagnosis x age group (45–55, 55–65, 65–75 years old). We will employ emotional oddball and reappraisal tasks to examine involuntary and voluntary ER on positive and negative affect separately. Our specific aims are to identify 1) behavioral and 2) neural patterns of AMSER in healthy and RD adults. We will also explore the association of cognitive function and successful ER, as well as sex differences in AMSER in both groups. Our working hypotheses are: RD subjects are heterogeneous in ER; Those using maladaptive ER (rumination) may elicit lower functional connectivity of DMN with ECN and SN/ERN during both involuntary and voluntary ER, which will be associated with poor mood reduction and higher future relapse rates. Successful completion of this project will establish a foundation for further studies and inform future development of novel preventions.