Stress Response, Cognitive Control & "Real Time" Rumination: Shared Mechanisms Underlying Substance Use and Depression

项目总结/摘要 这个指导临床科学家研究发展奖（K 08）的目标是培养 候选人在理论，方法和统计。这项培训将为候选人的职业生涯做好准备， 独立调查员候选人将开发启动研究计划所需的专业知识 研究物质使用和精神病理学的性别特异性途径的共同机制 共现为了促进这一总体目标，拟议的K 08项目将重点确定共享的 新兴成年女性吸烟和抑郁症的病因脆弱性。调研了这个 这一主题是及时的，因为虽然历史上男性的烟草使用率高于女性， 烟草使用方面的性别差距正在缩小（特别是在18 -26岁的新兴成年人中）。因此，理解 影响年轻妇女吸烟的潜在机制是一个重要的公共卫生问题。 有两个问题使女性烟草用途：1）多种物质的使用程度很高（最值得注意的是， 酒精和/或大麻）;和2）女性吸烟者表现出抑郁症的可能性是男性吸烟者的两倍以上（相对于男性）。 吸烟者）。未能解释多种物质使用和共同发生的抑郁症的研究可能会限制 公共卫生影响，因为结果可能无法推广。K 08申请中提出的研究旨在 阐明共同发生的物质使用和抑郁症的基础：1）确定近端共享 或transdiagnosis风险因素;和2）探索这些风险因素如何在自然环境中展开。 具体而言，个体差异的反应压力和认知控制的假设，以预测两者 物质使用和抑郁症状;这些影响预计将通过反刍介导 （重复的消极思维;物质使用领域的一个未充分研究的过程），但不是 男性。原始数据收集拟对106种18-26年的物质进行取样， 将参加的新生成年人：实验室基线评估，然后是密集的生态评估， 抽样方法基线时：1）将通过实验室压力范式评估压力反应， 收集唾液皮质醇;和2）进行认知控制的计算机化评估。后 基线，30天的基于智能手机应用程序的生态瞬时评估（EMA）协议将被 用于评估“实时”反刍，物质使用（烟草，酒精，大麻）和抑郁症状。 该K 08将为候选人提供指导研究经验，以获得以下方面的新技能：1）理论 2）方法学（实验室应激源的管理; EMA数据收集）; 和3）统计（EMA分析）;以及4）专业发展（手稿和赠款写作）。 结果将用作R 01应用的试验数据，旨在确定性别特异性病因 共同发生的物质使用和广泛的精神病理条件的出现的途径。这条线 研究成果有可能为病因驱动的对性别问题有敏感认识的预防和干预工作提供信息。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The goal of this Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Development Award (K08) is to train the candidate in theory, methodology, and statistics. This training will prepare the candidate for a career as an independent investigator. The candidate will develop expertise needed to launch a program of research examining shared mechanisms underlying gender specific pathways to substance use and psychopathology co-occurrence. To facilitate this overarching goal, the proposed K08 project will focus on identifying shared etiological vulnerabilities for tobacco use and depression among emerging adult females. Research on this topic is timely given that, while historically males have had higher reported rates of tobacco use than females, the gender gap in tobacco use is closing (especially among emerging adults ages18-26). Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms that influence young women to use tobacco is an important public health concern. Two issues complicate female tobacco use: 1) there is a high degree of polysubstance use (most notably, alcohol and/or cannabis); and 2) female smokers are over twice as likely to exhibit depression (relative to male smokers). Studies that fail to account for polysubstance use and co-occurring depression may have limited public health impact, as results may not be generalizable. The research proposed in this K08 application seeks to elucidate the underpinnings of co-occurring substance use and depression by: 1) identifying proximal shared or transdiagnostic risk factors; and 2) exploring how these risk factors unfold in the natural environment. Specifically, individual differences in response to stress and cognitive control are hypothesized to predict both substance use and depressive symptoms; and these effects are expected to be mediated through rumination (repetitive negative thinking; an understudied process in the substance use field) among females, but not males. Original data collection is proposed to sample a hundred and six 18-26 year-old substance using emerging adults who will participate in: a laboratory baseline assessment followed by intensive ecological sampling methods. At baseline: 1) stress response will be assessed via a laboratory stress paradigm with collection of salivary cortisol; and 2) a computerized assessment of cognitive control will be conducted. After baseline, a 30-day smartphone application-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol will be used to assess “real-time” rumination, substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis), and depressive symptoms. This K08 will provide the candidate with mentored research experience to acquire new skills in: 1) Theory (broad substance use models); 2) Methodology (administration of a laboratory stressor; EMA data collection); and 3) Statistics (EMA analyses); as well as 4) Professional Development (manuscripts & grant writing). Results will be used as pilot data for a R01 application that will aim to identify gender specific etiological pathways in the emergence of co-occurring substance use and broad psychopathological conditions. This line of research has the potential to inform etiologically driven gender-sensitive prevention and intervention efforts.