Societal assumptions regarding typical personhood and their effects on reasoning development

项目摘要 这个项目将揭示儿童获得白人男性信念的发展过程 代表默认的人--一种植根于男性中心主义意识形态的模式(以 和种族中心主义(以白人的经历为中心)在美国很普遍。尽管 在种族和性别多样性的全国范围内，白人男性在许多国家中的比例仍然过高 在美国国内，从媒体到政治，再到临床研究。这种过高的代表性构成了严重的 给社会其他人带来的代价--所有种族的女性、有色人种男性和性别不一致的人-- 尤其是在健康领域，临床试验历来将体验放在首位， 视角，以及白人男性的健康结果。要解决这个问题，我们必须了解何时以及如何 认为白人男性是默认的人的倾向在儿童时期和环境中发展起来 这一现象背后的因素。具体地说，我们需要知道(A)通过什么发展轨迹 儿童对人的默认表征开始偏爱白人和男性而不是其他身份，(B) 儿童会(和不会)激活白人男性默认设置以引导社交的特定领域 推理，以及(C)可能阻止这些信仰发展的社会文化和生态因素。 幼儿积极建构知识，以理解他们所处的社会环境。作为这项工作的一部分 在这个过程中，儿童从他们周围的来源吸收复杂的信息流，包括父母， 同龄人和更广泛的社会机构(如媒体)。因此，儿童获得的信念往往反映出 嵌入其特定文化背景的主导意识形态：在美国国内，男权中心主义和 民族中心主义代表了两种这样的意识形态。这项拟议的研究将揭示儿童的 广泛类别的人的表现既反映了男性中心主义，也反映了种族中心主义。为此，目标1 将揭示儿童信仰的发展轨迹，即白人男性--比黑人男性更多， 白人女性，或黑人女性--是一个人的最佳例证。目标2将阐明儿童信念的范围 关于谁是一个人的最佳例证，通过测试这种信念在不同领域的一致性。最后，目标3 将揭示儿童社会文化和生态环境的特征，这些环境是关于谁的信念的基础 最好地例证了一个人，洞察了AIMS中记录的模式背后的机制 1和2.通过远程、无节制研究的创新平台管理这些研究，我们拥有 这是一个独特的机会，可以接触到美国各地的家庭。由此带来的多样性 平台允许我们捕获有关现象和潜在机制的整体图景 它扩大了我们研究结果的经验严谨性和现实影响。

Project Summary This project will uncover the developmental processes by which children acquire the belief that White males represent the default person—a pattern rooted in the ideologies of androcentrism (centering the experiences of men) and ethnocentrism (centering the experiences of White people) prevalent in the United States. Despite national rises in racial and gender diversity, White men remain vastly overrepresented across a host of domains within the U.S., from media, to politics, to clinical research. Such overrepresentation poses severe costs to the rest of society—women of all races, men of color, and gender-nonconforming individuals— particularly within the domain of health, where clinical trials have historically prioritized the experiences, perspectives, and health outcomes of White men. To address this issue, we must understand when and how the tendency to view White males as default people develops across childhood, as well as the environmental factors that underlie this phenomenon. Specifically, we need to know (a) the developmental trajectory by which children’s default representations of people begin to favor Whiteness and maleness over other identities, (b) the specific domains across which children do (and do not) activate a White male default to guide social reasoning, and (c) the sociocultural and ecological factors that can prevent the development of these beliefs. Young children actively construct knowledge to make sense of their social environments. As part of this process, children absorb complex streams of information from the sources around them, including parents, peers, and broader societal institutions (e.g., media). Thus, the beliefs children acquire tend to reflect the dominant ideologies embedded in their specific cultural contexts: within the United States, androcentrism and ethnocentrism represent two such ideologies. The proposed research will uncover the ways in which children’s representations of the broad category people reflect both androcentrism and ethnocentrism. To this end, Aim 1 will reveal the developmental trajectory of children’s beliefs that White males—more so than Black males, White females, or Black females—best exemplify a person. Aim 2 will clarify the scope of children’s beliefs about who best exemplifies a person by testing the consistency of this belief across domains. Finally, Aim 3 will uncover the features of children’s sociocultural and ecological environments that underlie beliefs about who best exemplifies a person, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the patterns documented in Aims 1 and 2. By administering these studies via an innovative platform for remote, unmoderated research, we have the unique opportunity to reach families from all across the United States. The diversity afforded by this platform allows us to capture a holistic picture of the phenomenon in question and the mechanisms underlying it, broadening both the empirical rigor and real-world impacts of our findings.