Synthesis and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Vaccine Adjuvants

项目摘要 疫苗接种的成功需要产生针对免疫缺陷病毒的强烈免疫应答。 接种抗原以提供针对许多传染性疾病的长期保护性免疫， 疾病为了实现这一目标，通常需要添加疫苗佐剂， 一种增强人体对疫苗免疫反应的物质。然而，只有一个 少数具有广泛安全记录和最小毒性的人用疫苗佐剂被批准用于 临床应用。目前，需要更多的研究来鉴定新的佐剂， 显著增强特定疫苗的免疫应答，但也必须最低限度地 毒性和临床使用的最大安全性。为了发现新的疫苗佐剂， 从药用植物中筛选47种皂苷，用于它们的免疫刺激和 溶血活性导致了新的令人兴奋的疫苗佐剂的发现。在40- 评价了七种皂苷，大豆皂苷已成为最有效的佐剂。这些 新发现的碳水化合物显示出显著增强的佐剂活性， 当与QS-21直接比较时，其毒性可忽略不计，QS-21已作为疫苗佐剂出现， 许多临床试验。然而，从自然资源中获得它们是一个复杂的过程 提取和纯化的过程中产生的微小的。因此，隔离 如果需要足够的量，大豆皂甙在经济上是不可行的，也是不可持续的 用于免疫学研究和临床应用。由于FDA有严格的规定， 由于用于人类的佐剂的纯度和质量，必须开发合成来源， 大豆皂苷可用作临床相关的佐剂。这项建议的目的是 通过化学合成来应对这些挑战， 纯大豆皂甙。这一努力将提供定义明确的大豆皂苷，而无需批量生产。 批变异，并提供工具，研究其作为疫苗佐剂的作用和探索 的结构-佐剂效力概况的发现非天然大豆皂甙的改进 佐剂

PROJECT SUMMARY The success of vaccination requires the generation of a strong immune response to the inoculated antigens in order to provide long-term protective immunity against many infectious diseases. To achieve this goal often requires the addition of vaccine adjuvants, substances that a substance that boosts the body’s immune response to the vaccine. However, there are only a few human vaccine adjuvants with an extensive safety record and minimal toxicity approved for clinical use. At presence, more studies are needed to identify novel adjuvants that not only significantly enhance the immune response for a particular vaccine, but also must be minimally toxic and maximally safe for clinical use. In efforts to discover novel vaccine adjuvants, an in vivo screening of forty-seven saponins from medicinal plants for their immunostimulatory and hemolytic activities has led to the discovery of new exciting vaccine adjuvants. Among forty- seven saponins evaluated, soyasaponins have emerged as the most potent adjuvants. These newly-discovered carbohydrates exhibited a significantly enhanced adjuvant activity with almost negligible toxicity when directly compared to QS-21 which has emerged as a vaccine adjuvant in numerous clinical trials. However, obtaining them from natural sources is a complicated process of extraction and purification that result in the production of minute. As a result, isolation of soyasaponins is economically unfeasible and unsustainable if sufficient quantities are required for immunological studies and clinical applications. Since FDA has strict regulations regarding to the purity and quality of adjuvants for use in human, a synthetic source must be developed for soyasaponins to be utilized as clinically relevant adjuvants. The objective of this proposal will address these challenges through the chemical synthesis for procuring sufficient quantities of soyasaponins in pure form. This effort will deliver well-defined soyasaponins without batch-to- batch variation and provide tools for studies of their roles as vaccine adjuvants and exploration of structure-adjuvant potency profiles for the discovery of non-natural soyasaponin improved adjuvants.