Parents' Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and their Parenting Practices in the Context of Neighborhood Safety

提案摘要 不良童年经历是指儿童时期暴露于潜在的创伤性家庭和社区环境中 这些经历可能对健康产生持久的负面影响，是健康差距的驱动因素， 潜在的代际传递效应。本拟定研究的母研究的初步数据 研究表明，ACE在低收入城市父母中非常普遍，在139名父母中占54.7 报告4个或更多ACE的参与者。积极的童年体验（PCE）是一种关系体验， 在童年时期给予安全感和养育感，例如在家中至少有一个成年人感到安全。 回家PCE与改善身心健康有关。PCE有潜力促进 积极的结果，即使ACE很高。目前的邻里暴力预计将加剧 ACE对父母行为的影响，由于持续或反复激活的神经行为反应， 威胁这项融合混合方法研究的目的是了解父母对ACE的暴露如何 和PCE影响他们的育儿实践，特别是在生活在不安全的社区的背景下， 针对以下具体目标：1：测试父母的ACE，PCE等之间的关联 在巴尔的摩抚养幼儿（2-8岁）的父母样本（n=200）中的积极育儿实践。 2：检查当前社区安全的背景效应（暴力犯罪率和父母感知）， 测试威胁型ACE和邻域安全变量之间的相互作用，控制其他 社区级SES特征。3：了解父母自己的童年经历（ACE和 PCE）影响他们的父母的做法，在低与中等到高的邻里安全的背景下。 拟议的研究将嵌套在巴尔的摩市公立学校正在进行的家长研究中。的 拟议的研究将使用基线数据仅用于横断面定量研究，然后是定性研究 与定量数据相结合。多元回归、多水平建模和条件过程 模型将用于测试ACE、PCE和养育之间的关联，然后测试这些 与邻里安全的联系。在定性阶段，个人访谈将 使用解释现象学的方法来更好地理解过程和背景 在邻里安全的背景下，有助于参与者养育子女的因素。该设计集成了 分析ACE、PCE、父母教养方式和邻里安全之间的关联， 父母对童年经历对养育子女的影响的看法，邻里的作用 安全和其他环境变量。这项研究将确定保护因素，在代际 ACE的传输，并使用地理空间数据来探索社区如何影响ACE的影响 的PCE。它将为未来关于家庭和邻里干预措施的研究提供信息， 在家庭和社区中建立稳定、良好的关系，以降低ACE的发生率和影响。

PROPOSAL SUMMARY Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are childhood exposures to potentially traumatic family and community experiences that can have lasting, negative impact on health, are a driver of health disparities, and have potential intergenerational transmission of effects. Preliminary data from the parent study for this proposed study indicate that ACEs are highly prevalent in low-income, urban parents, with 54.7% of 139 parent participants reporting 4 or more ACEs. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are relational experiences that confer a sense of safety and nurturance during childhood, such as feeling safe with at least one adult in the home. PCEs are associated with improved physical and mental health. PCEs have the potential to promote positive outcomes even when ACEs are high. Current neighborhood violence is expected to compound the impact of ACEs on parenting practices due to ongoing or recurrent activation of neurobehavioral responses to threat. The purpose of this convergent mixed methods study is to understand how parents' exposures to ACEs and PCEs impact their parenting practices, particularly in the context of living in unsafe neighborhoods by addressing the following specific aims: 1: Test the associations among parents' ACEs, PCEs, and more positive parenting practices in a sample of parents (n=200) raising young children (2-8 years old) in Baltimore. 2: Examine contextual effects of current neighborhood safety (violent crime rate and parent perception) by testing the interactions between threat-type ACEs and neighborhood safety variables, controlling for other neighborhood-level SES characteristics. 3: Understand how parents' own childhood experiences (ACEs and PCEs) influence their parenting practices in the context of low versus moderate to high neighborhood safety. The proposed study will be nested within an ongoing parent study in Baltimore City Public Schools. The proposed study will use baseline data only for a cross-sectional quantitative arm, followed by a qualitative arm that integrates with the quantitative data. Multivariate regression, multilevel modeling, and conditional process modeling will be used to test associations among ACEs, PCEs, and parenting, and then to test these associations and the association with neighborhood safety. In the qualitative phase, indvidual interviews will use an interpretive phenomenological approach to gain a better understanding of the processes and contextual factors that contribute to participants' parenting in the context of neighborhood safety. This design integrates the analysis of associations between ACEs, PCEs, parenting practices, and neighborhood safety with analysis of parents' perspectives on the impact of their childhood experiences on parenting, role of neighborhood safety, and other contextual variables. This research will identify protective factors in the intergenerational transmission of ACEs and uses geospatial data to explore how neighborhoods influence the impact of ACEs and PCEs. It will inform future research on family- and neighborhood-level interventions to promote safe, stable, nurturing relationships in families and neighborhoods to reduce the rate and impact of ACEs.