Parents' Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and their Parenting Practices in the Context of Neighborhood Safety

建议书摘要 不良童年经历(ACE)是指童年时期暴露在潜在创伤家庭和社区中的经历 可能对健康产生持久的负面影响的经历，是健康差距的驱动因素，并 潜在的代际效应传递。这项建议的母公司研究的初步数据 研究表明，ACE在低收入的城市父母中非常普遍，139名父母中有54.7%的人患有ACE 参与者报告4个或更多A。积极的童年经历(PCE)是一种关系体验， 在儿童时期培养一种安全感和养成意识，例如至少有一个成年人在儿童时期感到安全 回家。PCES与改善身心健康有关。PCE有潜力促进 即使在A数很高的情况下，也会产生积极的结果。目前的社区暴力预计将加剧 由于持续或反复激活神经行为反应，ACE对育儿实践的影响 威胁。这项趋同的混合方法研究的目的是了解父母如何接触ACE 和PCE影响他们的育儿做法，特别是在生活在不安全的社区的背景下，通过 解决以下具体目标：1：测试父母的A级、PCE等之间的关联 在巴尔的摩对养育幼儿(2-8岁)的父母(n=200)进行了积极的育儿实践。 2：通过以下方式检查当前社区安全的背景影响(暴力犯罪率和父母认知) 测试威胁类型的ACE和邻居安全变量之间的交互作用，控制其他 邻居级SES特征。3：了解父母自己的童年经历(A级和 PCE)在社区安全度低与中等到高的背景下影响他们的育儿实践。 这项拟议的研究将嵌套在巴尔的摩市公立学校正在进行的一项家长研究中。这个 拟议的研究将只使用横断面定量臂的基线数据，然后是定性臂 这与量化数据相结合。多元回归、多水平建模和条件过程 建模将用于测试ACE、PCE和育儿之间的关联，然后测试它们 协会和邻里安全协会。在定性阶段，个别访谈将 使用解释性现象学方法来更好地理解过程和上下文 在社区安全的背景下，影响参与者养育子女的因素。这一设计将 通过分析来分析ACE、PCE、育儿实践和社区安全之间的关联 父母对童年经历对养育子女的影响的看法，邻里的作用 安全性和其他上下文变量。这项研究将确定代际之间的保护因素 传输ACE并使用地理空间数据来探索社区如何影响ACE的影响 和PCE。它将为未来关于家庭和邻里层面干预措施的研究提供信息，以促进安全、 在家庭和邻里之间建立稳定、良好的关系，以降低ACEs的发生率和影响。

PROPOSAL SUMMARY Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are childhood exposures to potentially traumatic family and community experiences that can have lasting, negative impact on health, are a driver of health disparities, and have potential intergenerational transmission of effects. Preliminary data from the parent study for this proposed study indicate that ACEs are highly prevalent in low-income, urban parents, with 54.7% of 139 parent participants reporting 4 or more ACEs. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are relational experiences that confer a sense of safety and nurturance during childhood, such as feeling safe with at least one adult in the home. PCEs are associated with improved physical and mental health. PCEs have the potential to promote positive outcomes even when ACEs are high. Current neighborhood violence is expected to compound the impact of ACEs on parenting practices due to ongoing or recurrent activation of neurobehavioral responses to threat. The purpose of this convergent mixed methods study is to understand how parents' exposures to ACEs and PCEs impact their parenting practices, particularly in the context of living in unsafe neighborhoods by addressing the following specific aims: 1: Test the associations among parents' ACEs, PCEs, and more positive parenting practices in a sample of parents (n=200) raising young children (2-8 years old) in Baltimore. 2: Examine contextual effects of current neighborhood safety (violent crime rate and parent perception) by testing the interactions between threat-type ACEs and neighborhood safety variables, controlling for other neighborhood-level SES characteristics. 3: Understand how parents' own childhood experiences (ACEs and PCEs) influence their parenting practices in the context of low versus moderate to high neighborhood safety. The proposed study will be nested within an ongoing parent study in Baltimore City Public Schools. The proposed study will use baseline data only for a cross-sectional quantitative arm, followed by a qualitative arm that integrates with the quantitative data. Multivariate regression, multilevel modeling, and conditional process modeling will be used to test associations among ACEs, PCEs, and parenting, and then to test these associations and the association with neighborhood safety. In the qualitative phase, indvidual interviews will use an interpretive phenomenological approach to gain a better understanding of the processes and contextual factors that contribute to participants' parenting in the context of neighborhood safety. This design integrates the analysis of associations between ACEs, PCEs, parenting practices, and neighborhood safety with analysis of parents' perspectives on the impact of their childhood experiences on parenting, role of neighborhood safety, and other contextual variables. This research will identify protective factors in the intergenerational transmission of ACEs and uses geospatial data to explore how neighborhoods influence the impact of ACEs and PCEs. It will inform future research on family- and neighborhood-level interventions to promote safe, stable, nurturing relationships in families and neighborhoods to reduce the rate and impact of ACEs.