Effects of cocaine on cardiac ion channels

本提案中概述的实验将审查可卡因滥用的医疗和健康后果，可卡因滥用已被确定为NIDA，是该国的一个严重问题。自1998年以来，可卡因在美国的使用有所增加，部分原因是成本低和供应充足。与可卡因使用有关的急诊入院率和可卡因相关死亡率的增加加剧了这一趋势。 在大多数情况下，与可卡因有关的死亡的确切原因尚不清楚，但据信许多是心律失常造成的，心律失常是与可卡因滥用有关的主要死亡原因。在人类中，已知可卡因会增加心率和血压，这些作用主要归因于这种药物的拟交感神经作用。心脏电生理学也发生显著变化，减少传导并减缓动作电位后的复极。这些电干扰被认为是由于可卡因对心脏离子通道的直接麻醉作用。在这个建议中，我们将调查可卡因敏感性的钠和钾通道的重要启动和终止心脏动作电位。抑制这些通道会破坏心脏的协调电活动，这是产生室性心律失常的一个众所周知的风险因素。电生理学和分子生物学的结合将被用来研究这些通道的抑制机制，并确定可卡因结合的重要位点。人心脏钠通道（hH 1）和人ether-a-g-go延迟整流钾通道（HERG）将在哺乳动物细胞中表达，并且使用膜片钳技术记录所得电流。我们的数据表明，可卡因与这些通道的结合是依赖于状态的，可卡因优先与开放和失活的通道结合。 将构建hH 1和HERG的失活缺陷突变体，以研究失活门控对可卡因结合的贡献，并促进开放通道阻滞的测量。其他突变体与第六跨膜段，这些通道的推定麻醉剂结合位点，也将进行研究。这些研究将有助于深入了解可卡因引起的心脏电生理学变化和这种药物的心脏毒性作用的机制。

The experiments outlined in this proposal will examine the medical and health consequences of cocaine abuse, which has been identified as NIDA as a serious problem in this country. Since 1998 the use of cocaine in the US has risen, in part due to the low cost and ample supply. Paralleling this trend has been an increase in the rate of emergency room admissions related to cocaine use and cocaine-related deaths. The exact causes of the cocaine-related fatalities in most cases are not known but many are believed to result from cardiac arrhythmias, the leading cause of death associated with cocaine abuse. In humans, cocaine is known to increase heart rate and blood pressure, effects that are primarily attributable to the sympathomimetic actions of this drug. Cocaine also produces significant changes in cardiac electrophysiology, decreasing the conduction and slowing the repolarization following an action potential. These electrical disturbances are believed to result from a direct anesthetic effect of cocaine on cardiac ion channels. In this proposal, we will investigate the cocaine sensitivity of sodium and potassium channels important for initiating and terminating the cardiac action potential. Inhibiting these channels disrupts the coordinated electrical activity of the heart, a well-known risk factor for the generation of ventricular arrhythmias. A combination of electrophysiology and molecular biology will be used to investigate the mechanisms of inhibition of these channels and to identity sites important for cocaine binding. The human cardiac sodium channel (hH1) and the human ether-a-g-go delayed rectifier potassium channel (HERG) will be expressed in mammalian cells and the resulting currents recorded using patch clamp techniques. Our data indicate that cocaine binding to these channels is state-dependent, with cocaine preferentially binding to the open and inactivated channels. Inactivation-deficient mutants of hH1 and HERG will be constructed to investigate the contribution of inactivation gating to cocaine binding and to facilitate the measurement of open-channel block. Additional mutants with the sixth transmembrane spanning segments, the putative anesthetic binding sites of these channels, will also be investigated. The proposed studies ill provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the cocaine-induced changes in cardiac electrophysiology and the cardiotoxic effects of this drug.