Food Rheology and Exercise in Aging Humans

描述(由申请者提供)：人类衰老通常与能量平衡调节受损以及不适当的体重和身体成分有关。在60岁以上的成年人中，大约38%的人超重，15%的人肥胖，20%的人体重偏低，20%-50%的人患有骨质疏松症。寻求安全有效的治疗方法来帮助老年人保持健康的体重和成分。与固体食物相比，液体食物引起的食欲和饮食反应较弱。因此，摄入产生能量的液体可能有助于体重过轻的老年人增加能量摄入量和体重，而固体的摄入应该更令人满足，有助于超重老年人保持或减轻体重。研究还表明，阻力运动和训练会影响能量平衡的调节，有助于预防或治疗骨质疏松症。有限的数据表明，抵抗力训练会影响老年人对营养补充剂的饮食反应，当补充剂以液体和固体形式摄入时，这些反应可能会有所不同。这项建议需要三项研究，旨在更全面地记录65-90岁久坐或进行抵抗性运动的男性和女性对产生能量的液体和固体的不同饮食反应，检查潜在的贡献机制，并测试这一知识的治疗应用。研究1将对比摄取液体食物和固体食物，再加上抵抗性运动对饱腹感、饱腹感和进食的急性影响。研究2将通过探索液体和固体负荷对饱腹感的某些生理调节因子(即胰岛素、瘦素、胆囊收缩素、胰高血糖素样肽、载脂蛋白A-IV、Ghrelin、葡萄糖和胃肠道转运时间)的胃肠道影响来解释研究1的结果的潜在机制。研究3将评估长期摄入液体和固体营养补充剂对食欲、膳食摄入量、能量消耗、体重、身体组成以及选定的代谢和内分泌调节食物和能量平衡的临床影响。对这些关于久坐和耐力锻炼的老年人对产生能量的液体和固体食物的不同反应的新假设的测试，将为促进老年人安全有效地改变体重的综合建议提供坚实的基础。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Human aging is often associated with compromised regulation of energy balance and inappropriate body weight and body composition. Among adults older than 60 years, about 38% are overweight, 15% are obese, 20% are underweight, and 20-50% have sarcopenia. Safe and effective therapies to help elderly people maintain a healthy body weight and composition are sought. Liquid foods elicit weaker appetitive and dietary responses than solid foods. Thus, the ingestion of energy-yielding liquids might help underweight elderly people increase energy intake and body weight, while the ingestion of solids should be more satiating and help overweight elderly people maintain or lower body weight. Research also shows that resistive exercise and training influence the regulation of energy balance and help prevent or treat sarcopenia. Limited data indicate that resistive training influences the dietary response to nutrient supplementation in elderly people, and that these responses might be different when the supplement is consumed in liquid vs. solid form. This proposal entails three studies designed to more fully document the differential dietary responsiveness to energy-yielding liquids vs. solids in 65-90 year-old men and women who are sedentary or perform resistive exercise, to examine potential contributory mechanisms, and to test the therapeutic application of this knowledge. Study 1 will contrast the acute effects of liquid and solid food ingestion, coupled with resistive exercise, on satiation, satiety, and feeding. Study 2 will document potential mechanisms to explain findings from Study 1 through exploration of gastrointestinal influences of liquid and solid loads on certain physiological regulators of satiety (i.e., insulin, leptin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide, apolipoprotein A-IV, ghrelin, glucose, and gastrointestinal transit time). Study 3 will assess the clinical implications of the chronic intake of liquid vs. solid nutritional supplements on appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, body weight, body composition, and selected metabolic and endocrine regulators of feeding and energy balance. The testing of these novel hypotheses regarding differential responses to energy-yielding liquid and solid foods in sedentary and resistive-exercised elderly people will provide a strong foundation for integrative recommendations to promote safe and effective weight changes in elderly people.