Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity: Earliest Findings to Present-Day Understanding

产品说明：内皮细胞，排列在身体无数血管和淋巴管中的组织，多年来被视为由几乎无法区分的细胞组成的被动和整体组织。从1865年威廉（Wilhelm）命名内皮以来，这种观点几乎没有变化，直到20世纪中叶，才描述了主要的结构差异，例如紧密连接、开窗和窦组织。世纪中期。从20世纪70年代开始，随着越来越成功的内皮细胞培养方法的发展，新的研究开始表明，这些细胞远非同质，而是表现出广泛的异质性，不仅在器官之间，而且在单个器官内，甚至在单个血管内。此外，内皮，远不是被动的，主要致力于屏障功能，是一个高度相互作用的组织。例如，在大脑中，内皮细胞提供神经元激活所必需的酶。在淋巴结中，内皮细胞表现出精致的细胞表面特异性，允许识别循环淋巴细胞的特定亚群。当受到炎性细胞因子刺激时，内皮细胞成为抗原提呈细胞。在伤口中，它们促进纤维蛋白形成。发现内皮细胞在对生长因子的反应、细胞因子的产生、对血管活性物质的反应、基质产物的分泌和特异性细胞粘附分子的产生以及对特异性肿瘤细胞的亲和力方面有所不同。没有一个单一的内皮细胞原型可以作为一个完整的模型推广。此外，在过去的几年中，来自噬菌体展示分析和基因阵列的数据使这种复杂性几乎超出了理解。 技术的每一个新进展都带来了关于内皮细胞的更多信息，但在很大程度上，在不同时间从不同技术获得的数据之间的关键联系很少被尝试。我们认为，要以有意义的方式解决内皮细胞异质性问题，需要整合自19世纪以来获得的历史数据与蛋白质组学和基因组学提供的最新数据，这些研究主要是在内皮细胞的离散亚群上进行的。正是这种历史的，综合的方法，我们建议使用在准备我们的论文内皮细胞异质性。

DESCRIPTION: The endothelium, tissue which lines the myriad blood and lymphatic vessels of the body, was viewed for many years as a passive and monolithic tissue comprised of cells of a virtually undistinguishable nature. From the time of Wilhelm His naming of the endothelium in1865, there was little change in this view until the mid 20th century, when major structural differences such as tight junctions, fenestrations and sinusoidal organization were described. Beginning in the 1970s, as increasingly successful methods were developed for the culture of endothelial cells, new studies began to show that these cells, far from being homogeneous, manifested extensive heterogeneity, not only from organ to organ, but within individual organs, and even within a single vessel. Moreover, the endothelium, far from being passive and primarily dedicated to a barrier function, was a highly interactive tissue. For example, in the brain, endothelial cells provided enzymes essential for neuron activation. In lymph nodes, endothelial cells demonstrated exquisite cell surface specificity to permit recognition of specific subsets of circulating lymphocytes. When stimulated by inflammatory cytokines, endothelial cells became antigen-presenting cells. In wounds they promoted fibrin formation. Endothelial cells were found to vary in their response to growth factors, cytokine production, reaction to vasoactive substances, secretion of matrix products, and production of specific cell adhesion molecules, as well as in their affinity for specific tumor cells. No single endothelial cell prototype could serve any longer as a complete model for generalization. Moreover, in the last few years data from phage display analysis and gene arrays have made this complexity almost beyond understanding. Every new advance in technology has led to additional information about endothelial cells, but to a large extent critical connections between data obtained from different technologies at different times have only infrequently been attempted. To address endothelial cell heterogeneity in a meaningful manner will, in our opinion, require integration of the historical data obtained since the 19th century with the most recent data provided by proteomics and genomics, studies primarily carried out on discrete subpopulations of endothelial cells. It is this historical, integrative approach that we propose to use in preparing our treatise on endothelial cell heterogeneity.