Neural and motivational mechanisms of age-related change in emotion regulation

项目总结 在从中年到老年的过程中，健康的成年人通常会在情绪上有所改善 功能，如积极情绪的增加和更好的情绪管理专业知识。然而，不是 每个人都展示了这些与年龄相关的改善，以及引发情绪功能的机制 人们对成年期的变化仍然知之甚少。该项目的主要目标是检查关键的 在正常老龄化中促进积极情绪发展的因素，并测试抑郁症病史 可以作为关键性状的个体差异标记来缓和这一过程。为此，我们测试我们提出的价值- 基于认知控制的成人情绪调节模型(VBCC-MERiAD)VBCC-MERiAD 框架提出了一个新的见解：奖励动机和认知控制之间的交互作用起到了 在理解老年人情绪功能的标准轨迹方面的核心作用，以及 相反，有抑郁症病史的人为什么以及如何会“偏离正轨”。我们有效地专注于 提升积极情绪，因为老年人优先考虑积极情绪目标，而且因为抑郁 以迟钝的奖励处理为特征。我们的主要假设是积极情绪调节(ER) 能力将依赖于额纹状体回路的完整性(即，外侧脑之间的活动和连通性 前额叶皮质和伏隔核/腹侧纹状体)。此电路的接合预计将反映 利用奖励动机作为参与认知控制的一种手段(即更新和维护ER目标)。 通过三个特定的目标，我们建议描述中老年人ER的机制 (35-74)，关注每天预测的动机和认知控制的神经和行为指标 有抑郁症病史的个体的情绪功能和潜在的调节失调。为了实现这些目标， 我们将采用多方法设计，包括功能神经成像测量、实验室行为 评估和经验抽样方法。样本(N=220)将包括种族/种族多样性 一组年龄在35-74岁的成年人(66%为女性)，平均分为两组：健康对照组和患有 抑郁症病史。一项最先进的神经成像方案将评估与不同 ER策略，并测试与奖励动机认知控制的联系。综合实验室 评估将包括诊断性访谈、自我报告测量、认知功能电池和 通过测量自主神经反应性和情绪的行为编码来标准化ER任务。体验 抽样方案将为参与者的情绪提供一个自然的、生态有效的评估 经验、目标和监管战略。拟议中的研究将极大地扩展我们的理解 通过确定与年龄相关的正常和功能失调的情绪功能改变的机制 在成年后期促进雌激素受体阳性。通过这样做，我们将为改进新的干预措施奠定基础。 健康老年人的生活质量和有抑郁症病史的个人的预防性治疗目标。

PROJECT SUMMARY In the progression from middle to older-age, healthy adults typically experience improvements in their emotional functioning, such as increases in positive emotion and greater expertise in managing emotions. However, not everyone shows these age-related improvements, and the mechanisms that give rise to emotional functioning changes across adulthood are still poorly understood. The primary goal of this project is to examine the critical factors that promote positive emotional development in normative aging, and to test whether depression history might moderate this process as a key trait individual difference marker. To this end, we test our proposed Value- Based Cognitive Control Model of Emotion Regulation in ADulthood (VBCC-MERiAD). The VBCC-MERiAD framework suggests a novel insight: that interactions between reward motivation and cognitive control play a central role in understanding both the normative trajectory of emotional functioning in older adults, and conversely, why and how individuals with depression histories may get “off track”. We focus on effectively upregulating positive emotion, given that older adults prioritize positive emotion goals, and because depression is characterized by blunted reward processing. Our primary hypothesis is that positive emotion regulation (ER) abilities will rely upon the integrity of fronto-striatal circuitry (i.e., activity and connectivity between the lateral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum). Engagement of this circuit is predicted to reflect the utilization of reward motivation as a means of engaging cognitive control (i.e., to update and maintain ER goals). Across three Specific Aims, we propose to characterize the mechanisms of ER in middle-aged and older adults (35-74), focusing on neural and behavioral indicators of motivation and cognitive control that predict daily emotional functioning, and potential dysregulation in individuals with depression history. To achieve these aims, we will employ a multi-method design involving functional neuroimaging measures, laboratory behavioral assessments, and experience sampling methods. The sample (N=220) will include an ethnically/racially diverse set of adults (66% women) of ages 35-74, equally subdivided into two groups: healthy controls and people with depression histories. A state-of-the art neuroimaging protocol will assess brain activity associated with different ER strategies, and test for linkages with reward-motivated cognitive control. The comprehensive laboratory assessments will include diagnostic interviewing, self-report measures, cognitive functioning batteries, and a standardized ER task with measures of autonomic reactivity and behavioral coding of emotion. The experience sampling protocol will provide a naturalistic, ecologically valid assessment of participants’ emotional experiences, goals and regulatory strategies. The proposed research will dramatically extend our understanding of both normative and dysfunctional age-related change in emotional function, by identifying mechanisms that promote positive ER in late adulthood. In so doing, we will lay the foundation for new interventions to improve quality of life for healthy older adults and preventative therapeutic targets for individuals with depression history.