Generation of a comprehensive panel of reagents for research on scavenger recepto

描述（由申请人提供）：先天免疫系统是利用可溶性成分和细胞防御的宿主防御合作网络。先天免疫识别的核心是模式识别受体（PRRs），其识别病原体衍生物或通常不存在于健康宿主的自我改变成分。许多PRRs家族已经被确定，包括定义明确的toll样受体和nod样受体（TLR和nlr）。除了这些分子外，另一个大的PRRs家族是清道夫受体家族的蛋白质。清道夫受体（SRs）是结构无关的受体，具有结合多阴离子配体的能力。这个简单的定义掩盖了SRs作为PRRs的重要性- SRs是典型的多功能受体，通常能够结合病原体和自身来源的配体。SRs存在于病原体进入的潜在门户细胞上，如内皮细胞和吞噬细胞，包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和小胶质细胞。不同的细胞表达不同的PRR谱，包括SRs，这为它们提供了独特的PRR标记，由细胞类型和起源组织定义。除了作为吞噬/内吞受体的功能外，一些srr既可以独立发出信号，也可以与其他PRRs家族（如TLRs）合作发出信号，以对病原体作出反应。因此，通过组合信号，SRs有助于微调病原体特异性反应。此外，SRs是修饰内源性配体的主要受体，在先天免疫激活和无菌炎性疾病之间提供了联系。然而，尽管SRs在病原体识别中的重要性以及这些分子在炎症中的新作用的出现，但清道夫受体生物学领域明显落后于tlr和nlr。具体来说，缺乏一些研究SRs的基本试剂，因此限制了许多这些分子在体外和体内的研究。在此，我们建议重点开发基于清道夫受体的试剂。具体来说，我们建议开发以下试剂：1)将促进SR生物学和SR配体相互作用的研究；2)抑制SR在配体摄取和信号传导中的功能；3)将利用不同免疫细胞表达的SR，将基于纳米颗粒的试剂输送到体内特定细胞亚群。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The innate immune system is a cooperative network of host defenses that utilizes both soluble components and cellular defenses. Central to innate immune recognition are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen derivatives or altered-self components normally absent from the healthy host. Numerous families of PRRs have been identified including the well-defined Toll-like and Nod-like receptors (TLR and NLRs). In addition to these molecules another large family of PRRs are the scavenger receptor family of proteins. Scavenger receptors (SRs) are structurally unrelated receptors that share the ability to bind polyanionic ligands. This simple definition belies the importance of SRs as PRRs - SRs are archetypal multifunctional receptors, often able to bind ligands of both pathogen and self-origin. SRs are found on cells that patrol potential portals of pathogen entry such as endothelial cells and phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and microglia. Different cells express distinct repertoires of PRR including SRs providing them with a unique PRR signature, defined by both the cell type and the tissue of origin. In addition to functioning as phagocytic/endocytic receptors, some SRs can both signal independently and cooperatively with other families of PRRs such as the TLRs to respond to pathogens. Thus, through combinatorial signaling, SRs help fine-tune pathogen-specific responses. In addition, SRs are the major class of receptors for modified endogenous ligands providing a link between innate immune activation and sterile inflammatory diseases. However, despite the importance of SRs in pathogen recognition and the emergence of new roles for these molecules in inflammation, the field of scavenger receptor biology has significantly lagged behind that of TLRs and NLRs. Specifically, several essential reagents to study SRs are lacking and hence have limited the study of many of these molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Here we propose to focus on developing scavenger-receptor based reagents. Specifically we propose to develop reagents that 1) will facilitate studies of SR biology and SR-ligand interactions, 2) inhibit the function of SRs in ligand uptake and signaling and 3) that will utilize the SRs expressed by different immune cells to deliver nanoparticle based reagents to specific subpopulations of cells in vivo. RELEVANCE (See instructions): Immune defense against pathogens is initiated after microbial recognition by pattern recognition receptors. Scavenger receptors (SRs) are an important family of such receptors, involved in protection against diverse pathogens. Understanding the role of SRs in immunity is crucial to advance vaccine development and to generate new therapeutics for biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. We propose to generate a comprehensive panel of reagents to facilitate study of these important innate immune receptors