Exploring the Role of Race/Ethnicity & Family Influences to Reduce Youth Smoking

描述（由申请人提供）： 导论.家庭因素，如家庭纽带和父母的监督已被指示为一些青少年吸烟开始和进展的国家趋势的差异的解释因素。然而，很少有人知道种族/民族差异和这些家庭因素与青少年吸烟行为之间的联系。目的.本申请的目的是研究种族/民族如何影响家庭因素，这些家庭因素对青少年最初的吸烟开始有影响，然后随着时间的推移而发展。目标。我们提出了测试模型的三重影响理论（TTI）指导下的吸烟行为。在TTI中，我们将研究吸烟行为的潜在远端和最终影响。远端的影响，将被检查是父母的结合和连通性，反吸烟的父母，和吸烟的角色建模。最终的影响包括父母的监督和监控，家庭冲突和文化适应。对这些影响的研究将解决我们的核心假设，即吸烟行为的种族/民族差异与家庭依恋的差异以及支持吸烟的影响有关。此外，这些因素在整个青春期吸烟行为率最低的种族/民族亚组中保持一致。目标1：在非裔美国人、西班牙裔和白色青少年的早期（9-11岁）、中期（12-13岁）和晚期（14-18岁）的横断面队列中，确定家庭和亲吸烟影响对同时吸烟行为的相对影响。目的2：确定青少年早期哪些特定的家庭和亲吸烟影响与一年内开始吸烟相关。目的3：研究初始和持续的家庭和亲吸烟影响与吸烟阶段进展的关联。方法.我们的假设将通过对全国父母和青年调查（NSPY）的二次分析来解决。在1999-2004年的第一至第四轮全国特殊青年调查中，全国特殊青年调查收集了来自父母（第一轮为7 334人）和青年（第一轮为7 796人）的数据。数据将用于提供从青春期早期到晚期吸烟行为的开始和进展的模型的横截面和纵向测试。分析。为了解决横截面分析，将使用多层次建模方法。将使用多项式回归来检查个体因素与青少年吸烟的关联，然后评估组合模型。在检查吸烟轨迹后，将使用潜在生长曲线建模来探索随时间的变化和开始使用烟草的途径，结合重复测量，同时仍然允许结果测量的分类性质。结论通过阐明特定的家庭因素在不同种族/民族亚组和年龄段中对吸烟开始和发展的保护作用，拟议的项目可能有助于制定针对不同青少年人群的更有效的以父母为基础的吸烟预防计划。 公共卫生相关性： 青少年吸烟开始和进展的开始存在种族/民族差异，这可能是由家庭因素（如反吸烟父母的做法）中的种族/民族差异所解释的。有一个强烈的需要，新的父母为基础的反烟草预防干预措施，以遏制青少年吸烟的开始和发展。然而，尚不清楚在一个种族亚组中具有保护作用的家族因素是否在另一个种族亚组中具有同样的保护作用。本申请的主要目的是通过对全国父母和青年调查的二次分析，探索种族/民族如何影响导致青少年吸烟开始和进展的家庭因素。该项目的结果将是必不可少的，以制定健全的，文化和年龄敏感的父母为基础的反吸烟干预措施在未来。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Introduction. Familial factors such as family bonding and parental monitoring have been indicated as explanatory factors for some of the differences in national trends in adolescent smoking initiation and progression. However, little is known about the link between racial/ethnic differences and these family factors with adolescent smoking practices. Purpose. The aims of this application are to examine how race/ethnicity influences the family factors that are influential on adolescents' initial smoking initiation and then progression over time. Aims. We propose to test a model of smoking behaviors guided by The Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI). Within the TTI, we will examine the underlying distal and ultimate influences of smoking behavior. Distal influences that will be examined are parental bonding and connectedness, anti-smoking parenting, and role modeling of smoking. Ultimate influences include parental supervision and monitoring, family conflict, and acculturation. Examination of these influences will address our central hypothesis that racial/ethnic differences in smoking behavior are associated with differences in family attachment as well as pro-smoking influences. Further, these factors will differentially remain consistent in racial/ethnic subgroups that have the lowest rates of smoking behavior throughout adolescence. Aim 1: To determine the relative impact of family and prosmoking influences on concurrent smoking behavior among cross-sectional cohorts of African American, Hispanic, and White youth in their early (ages 9-11), mid (ages 12-13), and late (ages 14-18) adolescent years. Aim 2: To determine which specific familial and prosmoking influences in early adolescence are associated with initiation of smoking within a year. Aim 3: To examine the associations of initial and continuing familial and prosmoking influences with smoking stage progression. Methods. Our hypothesis will be addressed through secondary analysis of The National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY). The NSPY collected data from parents (N=7,334 at Round 1) and youth (N=7,796 at Round 1) during each of Rounds 1-4 of NSPY from 1999-2004. Data will be used to provide cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of the models of the initiation and progression of smoking behavior from early to late adolescence. Analyses. To address the cross- sectional analyses, a multi-level modeling approach will be used. Multinomial regression will be used to examine the association of the individual factors with adolescent smoking, followed by assessment of a combined model. After examination of smoking trajectories, latent growth curve modeling will be used to explore changes over time and pathways to tobacco use initiation, incorporating the repeated measures while still allowing for the categorical nature of the outcome measure. Conclusion. By clarifying the role of specific familial factors protective for smoking initiation and progression in different racial/ethnic subgroups and ages, the proposed project may aid in the development of more effective parent-based smoking prevention programs designed for diverse adolescent populations. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: There are racial/ethnic differences in the onset of adolescent smoking initiation and progression that may be explained by racial/ethnic differences in familial factors such as anti-smoking parenting practices. There is a strong need for new parental based anti-tobacco prevention interventions as a way to curb initiation and progression of adolescent smoking. However, it is unknown if familial factors that are protective in one racial sub-group are equally protective in another. The primary goal of this application is to explore how race/ethnicity affects familial factors that contribute to adolescents' smoking initiation and progression over time by secondary analysis of The National Survey of Parents and Youth. The results of this project will be essential to developing sound, culturally and age sensitive parental based anti-smoking interventions in the future.