Friends Helping Friends: Socially Responsible ATOD Prevention

描述（由申请人提供）：负责任的决策是预防项目的基石。然而，人们的注意力主要集中在个人对自己行为的责任上。我们的项目将避免ATOD作为朋友之间应该承担的社会责任，使干预帮助朋友避免ATOD成为一种明确的规范信念，并教导青少年帮助朋友避免ATOD的策略。拟议的项目是关于社会责任和青少年预防吸毒问题的更大工作方案的第二阶段。这是根据我们工作的第一阶段的结果得出的，在第一阶段中，我们对青少年干预劝阻朋友使用ATOD的意图相关因素进行了大规模的纵向研究（由NIDA资助：RO1 DA13434；见Flanagan， Elek-Fisk, & Gallay， 2004附录F）。在该研究中出现了与朋友进行干预的动机、信念和障碍方面的清晰发展模式，这是我们在本（第二阶段）项目中提出的干预的基础。围绕“朋友帮助朋友避免伤害”这一主题，我们建议：(a)开发针对五年级学生的八节课程，使用形成性评估来根据参与者的反馈开发和修改课程内容。课程将包括角色扮演、小插曲、抵抗和劝阻的沟通训练，以及侧重于如何帮助朋友避免ATOD的技能发展活动。此外，我们将开发：(b)家长可以用来加强对社会负责的信念和行为的课程补充；(c)对母体补充材料的形成性评估；(d)衡量课程成效的工具；(e)对课程、家长补充材料和评价工具进行试点测试。我们将与宾夕法尼亚州三个县的合作推广系统（CES）合作，利用他们的4-H俱乐部形式开发和测试课程、当地青年的知识和他们社区中ATOD的使用，以及他们与当地机构的联系。CES的国家基础设施也将受益于我们工作的第三阶段，我们计划在几个州的CES进行随机试验（4-H俱乐部），以测试在当前应用（第二阶段）中开发的“朋友帮助朋友”课程的有效性。最终，我们的目标是对社会责任、友谊和预防的主题进行干预，以回应在不同文化背景下成长的年轻人的需求、优势和挑战。公共卫生相关性：该项目采用一种创新的公共卫生方法，利用积极的同伴压力（朋友帮助朋友）作为一种机制，帮助青少年避免吸毒。它使健康的社会责任成为友谊的明确规范，并培养青少年在可能发生ATOD使用的一系列社会环境中与朋友进行干预的技能。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Responsible decision-making is a cornerstone of prevention programs. However, attention has focused primarily on an individual's responsibility for his/her own behavior. Our project frames the avoidance of ATOD as a social responsibility that friends should assume for one another, makes intervening to help friends avoid ATOD an explicit normative belief, and teaches youth strategies to help friends avoid ATOD. The proposed project is a second phase in a larger program of work on the theme of social responsibility and ATOD prevention in adolescence. It is informed by results from Phase 1 of our work in which we conducted a large, longitudinal study of the factors related to adolescents' intentions to intervene to dissuade friends from ATOD use (funded by NIDA: RO1 DA13434; see Flanagan, Elek-Fisk, & Gallay, 2004 in Appendix F). Clear developmental patterns in motivations, beliefs about, and barriers to intervention with friends emerged in that study, which are the bases for the intervention we are proposing in this (Phase 2) project. Designed around the theme of "friends helping friends avoid harm," we propose: (a) the development of an eight-session curriculum targeted at fifth graders using formative evaluation to develop and modify curricular components based on participant feedback. The curriculum will include role plays, vignettes, communication training in resistance and dissuasion, and skill-development activities focused on how to help friends avoid ATOD. In addition, we will develop: (b) curricular supplements that parents can use to reinforce socially responsible beliefs and behaviors; (c) a formative evaluation of the parent supplement materials; (d) an instrument to measure the curriculum's effectiveness; and, (e) a pilot test of the curriculum, parent supplements, and evaluation instrument. We will partner with the Cooperative Extension System (CES) in three counties in Pennsylvania, taking advantage of their: 4-H club format to develop and test the curriculum, local knowledge of youth and ATOD use in their communities, and their connections with local institutions. The national infrastructure of the CES also will benefit Phase 3 of our work in which we plan to engage the CES across several states in a randomized trial (of 4-H clubs) to test the efficacy of the `Friends Helping Friends' curriculum, developed in the current application (Phase 2). Ultimately, our goal is to have an intervention on the theme of social responsibility, friendship, and prevention that would be responsive to the needs, strengths, and challenges of youth growing up in different cultural contexts. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project takes an innovative approach to public health by using positive peer pressure (Friends Helping Friends) as a mechanism to aid youth avoidance of ATOD. It makes social responsibility for health an explicit norm of friendship and develops youths' skills for intervening with friends in a range of social contexts where ATOD use may occur.