Prenatal Iron Deprivation and Brain Development in Monkeys

项目II(Davis Money)将在#年确定产前缺铁的直接和长期影响。 小猴子。最后一个项目阶段的目标是确定大脑的两个不同时期的敏感性 恒河猴缺铁的发生发展：(1)脑的增殖和生长期 发育，主要发生在灵长类动物的晚期，以及(2)区域发育时期 在婴儿期后期出现的多样化和相互联系。两种不同的长效模式 当根据实验方案将缺铁限制在1个时，确定了行为后果 在这两个时期中，早期缺铁导致冲动和低落综合征 环境诱导的行为抑制，而第二阶段的剥夺导致了综合征 高度情绪化和认知延迟。 这些数据表明，产前剥夺的婴儿的行为模式可能会进展为损害。 与多巴胺系统功能和涉及冲动控制的儿童障碍有关。这一假设 将在本项目期间通过对两名产前缺铁婴儿的随访进行检查 五岁，大约相当于儿童的八岁，重点是冲动测试 和社会行为，以及对多巴胺活性药理学试剂的反应。宠物成像将被用于 评估大脑中脑边缘多巴胺系统，与儿童使用的方法平行。 关于缺铁的时间依赖效应的研究结果也表明，产前缺铁可能 影响新生儿的功能，需要在比通常情况下更早的年龄补充纠正 用于人类婴儿。这一假设将通过评估生理调节(唤醒- 睡眠、体温、心率变异性)和早期运动发育和认知功能(味觉 认可)。在细胞水平上可能的适应性和补偿性变化将被评估为 出生时白细胞的蛋白质组学图谱。 PPG2的S项目II的两个分支都与人类问题直接相关。确定产前检查的效果 等同于学龄儿童的铁缺乏可能有助于预测未来的问题 全世界有数千名，如果不是数百万名儿童患有先天性铁缺乏症。深入评估 对新生儿的影响可能指向预示着长期后果的早期行为改变。 如果能够认识到这些，婴儿可能会在更年轻的时候被识别出来，并接受适当的干预。

Project II (Davis monkey) will determine the immediate and long-term effects of prenatal iron deficiency in infant monkeys. The last project period aimed to identify susceptibility of two different periods of brain development to iron deficiency in rhesus monkeys, (1) the proliferation and growth phase of brain development, which takes place primarily in the third trimester in primates, and (2) the period of regional diversification and interconnection that occurs later in infancy. Two different patterns of long-lasting behavioral consequences were identified when iron deprivation was limited by experimental protocol to one of these two periods; iron deprivation during the earlier period led to a syndrome of impulsiveness and lower environment-induced behavioral inhibition, while deprivation during the second period led to a syndromeof heightened emotionality and cognitive delay. The data suggest a pattern of infant behavior in prenatally deprived infants that may progress to impairments relevant to dopamine system functions and childhood disorders involving impulse control. This hypothesis will be examined in the current project period through followup of prenatally iron deprived infants through two years of age, approximately equivalent to eight years in children, with an emphasis on tests of impulsivity and social conduct, and response to dopamine-active pharmacological agents. PET imaging will be used to assess brain mesolimbic dopamine systems, in parallel to methods used in children. The findings on time-dependent effects of iron deprivation also suggest that prenatal iron deficiency can impact the function of neonates, requiring correction by supplementation at earlier ages than are typically used in human infants. This hypothesis will be tested through evaluation of physiological regulation (wake- sleep, body temperature, heart rate variability) and early motor development and cognitive function (taste recognition). Possible adaptive and compensatory changes at the cellular level will be assessed with proteomic profiles of white blood cells at birth. Both arms of PPG2's Project II have immediate relevance to human problems. Identifying effects of prenatal iron deficiency at the equivalent of the school-aged child may help anticipate later problems in the thousands, if not millions, of children worldwide who experience prental iron deficiency. In-depth assessment of effects in the newborn may point to early behavioral alterations that foreshadow long-term consequences. If these can be recognized, infants might be identified at younger ages and receive appropriate intervention.