fMRI Correlates of Olfactory and Visual Cues in Tobacco Smoking

描述（由申请人提供）：提示诱导的渴望目前在尼古丁依赖中尚不清楚，并且是使用的不良预测因素。然而，与其他滥用药物一样，研究表明，当使用机会更密切地跟随测量时，渴望测量与药物使用的相关性更大。此外，以前的研究线索诱导的渴望使用视觉，听觉和一些触觉线索，这可能会失去显着性。事实上，第一颅（嗅觉）神经与中枢神经系统的边缘区域有直接联系，这表明气味可能在线索诱导的渴望中发挥重要作用，因此嗅觉线索可能比其他方式引起更有效的反应。这一R21建议的重点是视觉和嗅觉线索对中等香烟吸烟者的影响。利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI），我们将研究在饱腹感和短期禁欲期间对这些线索的反应所涉及的大脑回路和活动模式。广义线性模型（GLM）是功能扫描的标准分析方法。然而，GLM方法通过设计忽略了关于建模的大脑响应的波动，并且这种可变性本身是有趣的。独立成分分析（伊卡）提供了一种新的方法来分析这些数据集，特别适合捕捉这些复杂的神经活动的波动。因此，采用伊卡分析所得到的数据将揭示时空的大脑模式的渴望和相关的国家是不可见的，使用传统的分析。我们将进行一项前瞻性线索诱导的渴望fMRI实验，中度吸烟者（15-25支烟/天）将在饱腹感和短期戒烟期间体验视觉和嗅觉吸烟相关线索（与没有吸烟价的类似刺激相比）。伊卡和GLM方法将进行比较，以更好地了解嗅觉线索在复发中的作用，特别是吸烟。我们预期嗅觉线索将产生比视觉线索更大的影响，特别是在先前与渴望相关的区域，并且伊卡分析方法将比GLM技术对这些线索诱导的变化更敏感。本探索性研究发现的最有效的线索和分析方法将用于未来的R 01赠款申请，研究戒烟后第一个月内吸烟者的线索相关大脑激活。后续研究将检查戒烟辅助工具的作用，吸烟的持续时间和强度，共病障碍，以及与性别相关的激活模式对长期戒烟率预测价值的差异。公共卫生相关性：数百万美国吸烟者想要戒烟，但由于他们复吸而没有实现长期戒烟。更好地了解烟草相关的线索，特别是气味，如何导致吸烟复发的过程将允许开发更有效的治疗策略，可以单独定制。使用新的大脑绘图工具将允许识别这种关系。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cue-induced craving is currently not well understood in nicotine dependence, and is a poor predictor of use. However, as with other drugs of abuse, studies suggest that craving measures become more relevant to drug use when the opportunity to use more closely follows the measurement. Furthermore, previous studies of cue-induced craving have used visual, auditory, and some tactile cues, which may lose salience. The fact that the first cranial (olfactory) nerve has a direct connection to the limbic region of the central nervous system suggests that odors may play a significant role in cue-induced craving and so olfactory cues may evoke a more potent response than other modalities. This R21 proposal focuses on the effects of visual and olfactory cues on medium cigarette smokers. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we will examine the brain circuitry and activity patterns involved in the responses to these cues during satiety and short-term abstinence. Generalized linear models (GLM) are the standard analysis method for functional scans. However, GLM methods by design ignore fluctuations about the modeled brain response, and this variability is itself of interest. Independent component analysis (ICA) offers a new method to analyze these data sets, particularly suitable for capturing these complex fluctuations in neural activity. Therefore, employing ICA to analyze the resulting data will reveal spatiotemporal brain patterns of craving and related states that are not visible using conventional analyses. We will conduct a prospective cue-induced craving fMRI experiment in which moderate smokers (15-25 cigarettes/day) will experience both visual and olfactory smoking-related cues (contrasted with similar stimuli without smoking valence), during both satiety and short-term abstinence. ICA and GLM methods will be compared in an effort to provide a better understanding of the role that olfactory cues play in relapse in general and to tobacco smoking in particular. We anticipate that olfactory cues will yield a larger effect that visual ones, particularly in regions previously associated with craving, and that ICA analysis methods will be more sensitive to these cue- induced changes than will GLM techniques. The most effective cues and analysis methods found with the present exploratory study will be used in a future R01 grant application examining cue-related brain activation of smokers during the first month after quitting. Follow-up studies will examine the role of quit aids, duration and intensity of smoking, comorbid disorders, and sex-related differences on the predictive value of activation patterns for long-term quit rates. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Millions of American cigarette smokers want to quit, but have not achieved long-term abstinence because they relapse to use. A better understanding of the process of how tobacco-related cues, especially odors, result in relapse to smoking would permit the development of more effective treatment strategies that can be individually tailored. The use of new brain mapping tools will allow such relationships to be identified.