Maternal Inflammation Alters Fetal Brain Development via Tumor necrosis Factor-al

描述（由申请人提供）：怀孕期间的母亲疾病与孩子的各种神经发育问题有关，包括自闭症、精神分裂症、脑瘫和发育迟缓。动物模型显示，即使没有感染胎儿，母体的炎症也足以导致大脑发育异常。我们正在使用一种妊娠早期母体炎症模型，在该模型中，向妊娠小鼠单次注射脂多糖（LPS）会导致胎儿大脑神经发生的突然中断。成年期的挑战时间和行为影响的范围与人类的自闭症或精神分裂症最相似。我们的总体目标是了解炎症细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-a （TNF-a）如何影响胎儿大脑发育。母体细胞因子和趋化因子可能传递给胎儿，直接改变神经发生，也可能诱导胎儿产生次生细胞因子，导致神经发育缺陷。此外，我们观察到胎盘功能的破坏可能导致胎儿血液和氧气供应的限制，从而影响神经发育。我们的初步数据表明，TNF-a在胎儿大脑和胎盘中都是母体炎症的主要媒介。我们将使用TNF-a基因缺陷的小鼠来确定TNF-a对LPS对胎儿大脑发育和胎盘功能的影响是否必要。我们还将用大量的TNF-a治疗野生型小鼠，以确定它是否足以对胎儿大脑发育和胎盘功能产生影响。我们将使用三个主要结果：1)使用胸腺嘧啶类似物标记分裂细胞的胎儿大脑神经发生和存活率；2) Morris水迷宫中不同任务对子代认知功能的影响；3)通过组织学和血流测量分析胎盘的结构和功能。这些研究将为母体疾病干扰胎儿神经发育的过程提供机制见解，并暗示一个单一基因可以在临床上针对急性母体疾病保护胎儿大脑发育。公共卫生相关性：孕产妇疾病与儿童大脑发育中的一些问题有关，包括自闭症和精神分裂症。我们已经开发了一种小鼠模型，在该模型中，怀孕母亲的疾病对胎儿大脑中出生的神经元的数量和时间有显著影响。我们正在研究该模型中胎儿大脑发育改变的机制，重点关注单分子（TNF-a）的作用，它可以在临床上靶向预防发育性疾病。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Maternal illness during pregnancy has been associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental problems in the child, including autism, schizophrenia, cerebral palsy and developmental delay. Animal models show that maternal inflammation, even in the absence of infection of the fetus, is sufficient to cause abnormalities in brain development. We are using a model of maternal inflammation during early gestation in which a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into pregnant mice causes an abrupt disruption of neurogenesis in the fetal brain. The timing of challenge and spectrum of behavioral effects in adulthood are most similar to autism or schizophrenia in humans. Our overall goal in this proposal is to understand how the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) affects fetal brain development. Maternal cytokines and chemokines may be transmitted into the fetus and directly alter neurogenesis, or could induce secondary cytokine production in the fetus and result in defects in neurodevelopment. Additionally, we have observed disruptions in placental function which could lead to restriction of blood and oxygen supply to the fetus, and thereby impact neurodevelopment. Our preliminary data indicates that TNF-a is a major mediator of effects of maternal inflammation in both the fetal brain and placenta. We will use mice genetically deficient in TNF-a to determine if TNF-a is necessary for effects on LPS on fetal brain development and placental function. We will also treat wild type mice with a bolus of TNF-a to determine if it is sufficient for effects on fetal brain development and placental function. We will use three primary outcomes: 1) rates of neurogenesis and survival in the fetal brain using thymidine analogs to label dividing cells; 2) cognitive function in the offspring using various tasks in the Morris water maze; 3) analysis of placental structure and function by histology and measurements of blood flow. These studies will provide mechanistic insight into the process by which maternal illness disturbs neurodevelopment in the fetus and implicates a single gene which could be clinically targeted to protect fetal brain development during acute maternal illness. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Maternal illness has been associated with a number of problems in brain development in the child, including autism and schizophrenia. We have developed a mouse model in which illness in the pregnant mother has significant effects on the number and timing of neurons being born in the fetal brain. We are examining the mechanisms by which fetal brain development is altered in this model, focusing on the role of a single molecule (TNF-a), which could be clinically targeted to prevent developmental diseases.