Component 5: Research

政策和执法办法常常被认为是减少未成年人饮酒的最佳做法。 研究表明，在州和州的酒精政策和执法方面有相当大的差异 地方一级，但很少有研究考察地方政策和执法活动的差异是否 与年轻人之间的酒精使用差异和相关问题有关。显然没有研究表明 调查当地酒精政策和/或执法活动是否影响饮酒或 饮酒轨迹。对于中介机制(例如，酒精的来源， 感知的可用性、感知的强制执行、感知的规范)通过这些环境干预 可能会影响青少年饮酒。此外，还没有研究调查当地酒精在多大程度上 政策可以与年轻人的背景和个人特征(例如，年龄、性别、 种族)和执法水平。这种缓和效应对于了解当地的情况可能很重要 政策影响青年饮酒和未成年人饮酒。为解决这些问题，建议的 研究将使用对当地监管政策、做法和执法活动的年度评估 关于档案和关键线人调查数据。青少年的饮酒信念、行为和问题将是 使用相同城市的年度电话调查进行衡量。研究的具体目的是：(1) 描述和量化当地酒精监管政策、实践和执法活动 加州50个城市，并记录这些政策随时间的变化；(2)确定当地监管机构是否 政策、做法和执法活动与未成年饮酒和 饮酒问题和饮酒行为随时间的变化和问题；(3)调查 当地酒精政策和执行的差异与潜在的重要中间因素有关 (例如，酒精的来源、感知的可用性、感知的强制、酒精的预期、感知的 规范)以及这些因素随时间的变化；(4)调查政策关系的程度 饮酒行为，以及饮酒行为和问题的改变，都是通过这些 中间因素；以及(5)调查年龄、性别和种族差异是否缓和了 地方监管政策、做法和执法活动与饮酒信念和 行为，以及这些信念和行为的变化，随着时间的推移。这项研究的次要目的是探索 社区特征(例如，资源的可获得性、组织混乱、种族多样性、存在 联盟)，这可能与采取更全面的政策有关。这项研究将有助于确定 在地方一级采取有效的政策做法，减少未成年人饮酒和与酒精有关的问题。这个 这项研究的最终目标是确定可用于 在地方一级预防和减少未成年人饮酒和饮酒问题。

Policy and enforcement approaches are often advocated as best practices to reduce underage drinking. Research indicates that there is considerable variability in alcohol policy and enforcement at the state and local level, but few studies have examined whether variations in local policies and enforcement activities are related to differences in alcohol use and related problems among young people. Apparently no studies have nvestigated whether local alcohol policies and/or enforcement activities influence initiation to drinking or drinking trajectories. Very little is known about the mediating mechanisms (e.g., sources of alcohol, perceived availability, perceived enforcement, perceived norms) through which environmental interventions may affect youth alcohol use. Additionally, no studies have investigated the extent to which local alcohol policies may interact with background and personal characteristics of young people (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) and levels of enforcement. Such moderating effects may be important for understanding how local policies influence youth access to alcohol and underage drinking. To address these questions, the proposed study will use annual assessments of local regulatory policies, practices, and enforcement activities based on archival and key informant survey data. Adolescents' drinking beliefs, behaviors, and problems will be measured using annual telephone surveys in the same cities. The specific aims of the study are to (1) describe and quantify local alcohol regulatory policies, practices, and enforcement activities in a sample of 50 California cities and document changes in these policies over time; (2) determine whether local regulatory policies, practices, and enforcement activities are associated with differences in underage drinking and drinking problems and changes in drinking behaviors and problems over time; (3) investigate whether differences in local alcohol policies and enforcement are related to potentially important intermediate factors (e.g., sources of alcohol, perceived availability, perceived enforcement, alcohol expectancies, perceived norms) and to changes in these factors over time; (4) investigate the extent to which relationships of policies with drinking behaviors, and changes in drinking behaviors and problems, are mediated through these intermediate factors; and (5) investigate whether age, gender, and ethnic differences moderate the relationships between local regulatory policies, practices and enforcement activities and drinking beliefs and behaviors, and changes in these beliefs and behaviors, over time. A secondary aim of the study is to explore community characteristics (e.g., availability of resources, disorganization, ethnic diversity, presence of coalitions) that may be related to the adoption of more comprehensive policies. This study will help to identify effective policy practices at the local level for reducing underage drinking and alcohol-related problems. The ultimate goal of this research to identify effective policy and enforcement practices that can be used at the local level for preventing and reducing underage drinking and drinking problems.