The limits of development: State structural policy, comparing systems adopted in two European mountain regions (1945-1989)

发展的限制：国家结构政策，比较欧洲两个山区采用的制度（1945-1989）

• 批准号: 426559561
• 负责人: Dr. Martin Zückert
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Collegium Carolinum - Forschungsinstitut für die Geschichte Tschechiens und der Slowakei
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2018-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/426559561?language=en
• 关键词: limits; development; State; structural; policy

The goal of the project is to draw up a monograph on the history of state structural policy in mountainous regions under a variety of regimes between 1945 and 1989. It is hoped to gain new insights to inform the debate on the present and future of rural regions by comparing two sample historical cases against one another, with each sample region representing a different European pathway to development, and with each of the regions containing a substantial chunk of mountainous territory. The two regions chosen for the study are Austria, as a markedly western country, and Czechoslovakia with state socialist order. The research starts from the assumption that the political approaches of these two states from 1945 on initially provoked mutually divergent developments in the affected regions, but that, as a result of the structurally similar situations in which their respective mountain regions found themselves, a number of convergences emerged in the policies followed by Austria and Czechoslovakia from the 1960s on.Undertaking a comparative analysis, the author researches the two countries’ differing strategies in regional planning on the basis of their policies on spatial planning, agriculture and nature conservation. At the center of this effort is the question as to how they approached the problem of correcting regional disparities. The basic assumption of that study is that modern development policy faces particularly difficult challenges in mountainous regions thanks to their geomorphological character: While states possess means with which to intervene in such regions, the cost of doing so is relatively high. The limits of development are thus determined both through evaluations of the region’s natural conditions and through societal judgments on the worth of mountain regions.Mountain regions have been subject of divergent interpretations. Evaluation of them as being either of national and economic importance or as worthy of environmental protection contrasted with notions linking them to structural problems (including such concepts as "backwardness", economic disadvantage and emigration). As these various interpretations led on to a variety of policies, a question of central importance is the extent to which structural policy was simply responding to or itself provided a driving force for change in the landscape, population distribution and social environment, triggered by agriculture modernization and social transformations. To what extent was the preservation of existing structures considered important? Against a background that involved a triad of forces promoting the exploitation, protection and development of mountain regions, the study aims to examine state action and to place that action in the context of policy implementation in those regions. This study touches upon topics from agricultural, environmental and planning history, and ties in methodologically with issues grappled with in territorial studies.

该项目的目标是编写一本关于1945年至1989年期间在各种制度下国家在山区的结构政策历史的专著。通过比较两个样本历史案例，希望获得新的见解，为关于农村地区的现在和未来的辩论提供信息，每个样本地区代表不同的欧洲发展道路，每个地区都包含大量的山区。研究选择的两个地区是奥地利，作为一个明显的西方国家，和捷克斯洛伐克与国家社会主义秩序。这项研究的出发点是这样一种假设，即这两个国家自1945年以来采取的政治办法最初在受影响地区引起了相互不同的发展，但由于其各自山区的结构相似，奥地利和捷克斯洛伐克自1960年代以来采取的政策出现了一些趋同。本文从空间规划、农业政策和自然保护政策三个方面研究了两国在区域规划方面的不同策略。这一努力的核心问题是，他们如何处理纠正地区差距的问题。这项研究的基本假设是，由于山区的地貌特征，现代发展政策在山区面临特别困难的挑战：虽然国家拥有干预这些地区的手段，但这样做的成本相对较高。因此，开发的极限是通过对该地区自然条件的评估和对山区价值的社会判断来确定的。山区一直存在不同的解释。将它们评价为具有国家和经济重要性或值得环境保护，这与将它们与结构性问题联系起来的概念（包括“落后”、经济劣势和移民等概念）形成对照。由于这些不同的解释导致了各种各样的政策，一个至关重要的问题是，结构性政策在多大程度上只是对农业现代化和社会变革引发的景观、人口分布和社会环境变化作出反应，或本身在多大程度上为这些变化提供了驱动力。保护现有结构在多大程度上被认为是重要的？在涉及促进山区开发、保护和发展的三股力量的背景下，本研究报告旨在审查国家行动，并将这种行动置于这些区域政策执行的背景下。本研究涉及农业，环境和规划历史的主题，并在方法上与领土研究中遇到的问题联系起来。