Prenatal and Iron Deprivation and Brain Development in Monkeys

项目II（戴维斯猴）将确定产前缺铁对新生儿的直接和长期影响。 小猴子最后一个项目期旨在确定大脑两个不同时期的易感性 恒河猴发育至缺铁时，（1）脑的增殖和生长阶段 发育，主要发生在灵长类动物的第三个三个月，（2）区域性发育期 多样化和相互联系，这些都发生在婴儿期。两种不同的模式， 当铁剥夺被实验方案限制为一个时， 这两个时期;铁剥夺在早期导致冲动和较低的综合征 环境引起的行为抑制，而在第二阶段的剥夺导致了一种综合症， 情绪化和认知延迟 这些数据表明，在产前剥夺婴儿的婴儿行为模式，可能会进展到损害 与多巴胺系统功能和涉及冲动控制的儿童疾病有关。这一假设 将在本项目期间通过对产前缺铁婴儿的随访进行检查， 岁，大约相当于8岁的儿童，重点是冲动性测试 和社会行为，以及对多巴胺活性药物的反应。PET成像将用于 评估大脑中脑边缘多巴胺系统，与儿童使用的方法平行。 铁剥夺的时间依赖性影响的研究结果也表明，产前铁缺乏可以 影响新生儿的功能，需要在比通常更早的年龄补充纠正 用于人类婴儿。该假设将通过评估生理调节（wakesperson， 体温、心率变异性）和早期运动发育和认知功能（味觉 承认）。细胞水平可能的适应性和代偿性变化将通过以下方法进行评估： 出生时白色血细胞的蛋白质组学图谱。 PPG 2项目II的两个分支都与人类问题直接相关。产前检查的影响 相当于学龄儿童的铁缺乏可能有助于预测未来的问题， 全世界有数千甚至数百万儿童患有产前缺铁症。深入评估 对新生儿的影响可能表明早期行为改变预示着长期后果。 如果这些都能被识别出来，婴儿可能会在更小的年龄被识别出来，并接受适当的干预。

Project II (Davis monkey) will determine the immediate and long-term effects of prenatal iron deficiency in infant monkeys. The last project period aimed to identify susceptibility of two different periods of brain development to iron deficiency in rhesus monkeys, (1) the proliferation and growth phase of brain development, which takes place primarily in the third trimester in primates, and (2) the period of regional diversification and interconnection that occurs later in infancy. Two different patterns of long-lasting behavioral consequences were identified when iron deprivation was limited by experimental protocol to one of these two periods; iron deprivation during the earlier period led to a syndrome of impulsiveness and lower environment-induced behavioral inhibition, while deprivation during the second period led to a syndrome of heightened emotionality and cognitive delay. The data suggest a pattern of infant behavior in prenatally deprived infants that may progress to impairments relevant to dopamine system functions and childhood disorders involving impulse control. This hypothesis will be examined in the current project period through followup of prenatally iron deprived infants through two years of age, approximately equivalent to eight years in children, with an emphasis on tests of impulsivity and social conduct, and response to dopamine-active pharmacological agents. PET imaging will be used to assess brain mesolimbic dopamine systems, in parallel to methods used in children. The findings on time-dependent effects of iron deprivation also suggest that prenatal iron deficiency can impact the function of neonates, requiring correction by supplementation at earlier ages than are typically used in human infants. This hypothesis will be tested through evaluation of physiological regulation (wakesleep, body temperature, heart rate variability) and early motor development and cognitive function (taste recognition). Possible adaptive and compensatory changes at the cellular level will be assessed with proteomic profiles of white blood cells at birth. Both arms of PPG2's Project II have immediate relevance to human problems. Identifying effects of prenatal iron deficiency at the equivalent of the school-aged child may help anticipate later problems in the thousands, if not millions, of children worldwide who experience prental iron deficiency. In-depth assessment of effects in the newborn may point to early behavioral alterations that foreshadow long-term consequences. If these can be recognized, infants might be identified at younger ages and receive appropriate intervention.