PROCESSING STREAMS IN VISUAL CORTEX

描述（由申请人提供）：视觉系统用于物体识别和视觉引导动作。这些不同的功能是通过从视觉场景中提取空间对比度，运动和色彩线索并将其发送到中脑和丘脑的专门回路来产生的。在皮层中，来自外侧膝状体核的平行输入通道会聚，通过特定的连接混合，产生新的响应特性，这些特性被分类为不同的模块，这些模块将输出发送到背侧和腹侧纹外皮层中相互连接的区域的隔离流中。这些知识大部分来自对灵长类动物的开创性研究。然而，目前，在灵长类动物中，如何通过实验将特定的分子、神经元和突触回路与特定的行为联系起来，还很有挑战性。这些进展似乎对寻找视觉空间障碍和失认症的治疗方法至关重要。许多用于操纵特定电路的实验工具可用于在鼠标中取得进展。这些新的机会，加强了需要开发鼠标作为模型的基础对象识别和视觉引导的行动的网络研究。目前的建议起源于迅速传播的认识，即小鼠视觉皮层与灵长类动物的柱状，模块化，区域和层次化组织的处理流有着基本的相似性。该应用程序挑战了小鼠初级视觉皮层缺乏列和系统地图的功能不同的模块体现在菊花架构的水平连接。我们首先发现，小鼠的视觉皮层包含近12个不同的区域，这些区域最近被证明是功能专门化的。我们的研究结果表明，这些不同的皮质特性出现从平行的膝状皮质通道，专门用于处理空间细节和快速变化的刺激。此外，我们还发现，在皮层内，这些输入分布在相互连接的区域的背侧和腹侧流中。最近，我们发现，小鼠初级视觉皮层包含一个系统阵列的2型毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体表达模块，组织膝状皮质输入，V1内的局部水平连接和反馈通路从更高的视觉区域。我们的初步研究结果表明，这些模块的功能专业化，并差异连接到背侧和腹侧流。因此，我们假设，模块在混合，分类和发送不同的信息到时间电路的对象识别和后顶叶网络的视觉引导的行动中发挥作用。为了检验这个一般假设，我们建议确定：1）V1模块的输入和输出的解剖跟踪和权重分析，2）通道视紫红质辅助电路映射是否解剖连接代表特定强度的突触连接，和3）单个单元记录模块是否具有不同的感受野特性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The visual system is used for object recognition and visually guided actions. These diverse functions are generated by extracting spatial contrast, motion and chromatic cues from the visual scene and sending them to specialized circuits in the midbrain and thalamus. In the cortex the parallel input channels from the lateral geniculate nucleus converge, intermix through specific connections that create new response properties, which are sorted into distinct modules that send outputs into segregated streams of interconnected areas in dorsal and ventral extrastriate cortex. Most of this knowledge derives from groundbreaking studies in primates. At present, however, it is challenging to see how it will be experimentally possible in primates to link specific molecules, neurons and synaptic circuits to particular behaviors. Such advances appear to be critical for finding treatments for visuospatial disorders and agnosias. Many experimental tools for manipulating specific circuits are available to make progress in the mouse. These new opportunities have intensified the need to develop the mouse as model for research of networks underlying object recognition and visually guided actions. The present proposal originated from the rapidly spreading recognition that the mouse visual cortex shares basic similarities with the columnar, modular, areal and hierarchical organization of processing streams in primates. The application challenges the view that mouse primary visual cortex lacks columns and systematic maps of functionally distinct modules embodied in the daisy architecture of horizontal connections. We have arrived at this perspective by first finding that mouse visual cortex contains almost a dozen distinct areas which were recently shown to be functionally specialized. Our findings suggest that these diverse cortical properties emerge from parallel geniculocortical channels, specialized for the processing of spatial detail and rapidly changing stimuli. Further, we have found that within the cortex these inputs are distributed into dorsal and ventral streams of interconnected areas. Most recently we have discovered that mouse primary visual cortex contains a systematic array of type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressing modules, which organize geniculocortical inputs, local horizontal connections within V1 and feedback pathways from higher visual areas. Our preliminary results demonstrate that these modules are functionally specialized and are differentially connected to dorsal and ventral streams. Thus, we hypothesize that modules play a role in mixing, sorting and sending distinct information into temporal circuits for object recognition and posterior parietal networks for visually guided actions. To test this general hypothesis we propose to determine by: 1) anatomical tracing and weight analysis of the inputs and outputs of V1 modules, 2) channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping whether anatomical connections represent synaptic connections of a specific strength, and 3) single unit recordings whether modules have distinct receptive field properties.