Studies of Non-Ionizing Radiation-Related Cancer

脑瘤的案例参考研究-04030脑瘤和脑癌的病因知之甚少，有记录的发病率在过去几十年里急剧上升。为了响应这些发现，并促进对脑肿瘤的环境、行为和遗传原因的了解，我们对恶性和良性脑肿瘤(胶质瘤、脑膜瘤和听神经瘤)进行了一项病例对照研究。电工和农民患神经胶质瘤的风险过高，而车身喷漆工患脑膜瘤的风险更高。对电磁辐射、铅和杀虫剂进行了详细的职业暴露评估。没有发现与电磁辐射有关，但建议与脑膜瘤和铅有关。没有发现一致的证据表明六种氯化溶剂中的任何一种与胶质瘤或脑膜瘤的风险有关，尽管四氯化碳与胶质瘤风险之间的联系的证据有限。最近的遗传分析表明，脑肿瘤风险与细胞因子、细胞周期调控、DNA修复和氧化应激基因的多态有关。这些途径的发现正在更大规模和更全面的研究中得到跟进。手机使用与癌症风险众所周知，电离辐射会增加癌症风险，但没有一致的证据表明，非电离射频辐射(手机)或磁场(电力线和电器)暴露会增加癌症风险。由于公众和国会的关注，辐射流行病学分部(REB)启动了一项早期的病例对照研究，发现使用手机与胶质瘤、脑膜瘤或听神经瘤的风险没有关系。由Reb领导的一项关于美国胶质瘤发病率时间趋势的研究显示，尽管手机使用量大幅增加，但发病率并未上升。随后的REB评估表明，在瑞典的一项研究中，与手机使用相关的胶质瘤风险增加影响了IARCs关于可能致癌的结论，这与美国的发病率趋势不一致，尽管发病率趋势可能与Interphone研究中最高级别用户的胶质瘤少量过剩一致。紫外线剂量测定-10262 REB研究人员对125名志愿放射技术员进行了一项初步研究，使用日常日记和聚砜紫外线剂量计来开发更好的问卷方法，以确定环境紫外线暴露，以便为未来在以女性为主的职业人群中进行皮肤癌和其他癌症的研究。6个月后，志愿者被询问，以测试对户外时间的反应的重复性。在成年女性中，工作日报告的时间之间的一致性显着高于周末，而基于小时的问卷与基于活动的问卷相比，重复性较差。改进的暴露评估可能使我们能够更定量地描述紫外线和电离辐射对皮肤和其他癌症的影响。PLCO肺DNA损伤研究-10334目前尚不清楚已报道的功能分析与肺癌风险增加之间的关联是否代表真正的关联，因为这些测试是在癌症诊断后收集的生物样本上进行的。这可能是他们在衡量结果，而不是癌症的根本原因(称为反向因果偏差)。DCEG的几名研究人员正在参与确定前列腺癌、肺、结肠和卵巢(PLCO)筛查试验中肺癌患者诊断前样本中多种表型或功能分析的预测价值。初步研究发现，新霉素突变敏感性与肺癌风险增加有关。对DNA修复基因的进一步研究将利用现有的GWAS数据进行。

Case referent study of brain tumors - 04030 The etiology of brain tumors and brain cancer is poorly understood, and recorded incidence rates have increased dramatically over the past several decades. In response to these findings, and to advance understanding of environmental, behavioral and genetic causes of brain tumors, we conducted a case-control study of malignant and benign brain tumors (glioma, meningioma and acoustic neuroma). Excess risks of glioma were found among electricians and farmers, and an elevated risk of meningioma was seen among auto-body painters. Detailed occupational exposure assessments were conducted for electromagnetic radiation, lead, and pesticides. No associations were seen for electromagnetic radiation, but an association was suggested for meningioma and lead. No consistent evidence was found of an association between any of six chlorinated solvents and risk of glioma or meningioma although there was limited evidence of an association between carbon tetrachloride and risk of glioma. Recent genetic analyses have indicated associations between brain tumor risk and polymorphisms in cytokine, apoptosis/cell cycle control, DNA repair and oxidative stress genes. Findings for these pathways are being followed up in larger and more comprehensive studies. Cellular Telephone Use and Cancer Risks Ionizing radiation is known to increase cancer risks, but there is no consistent evidence that non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation (cell phones) or magnetic field (power lines and electrical appliances) exposures increase cancer risk. As a result of public and Congressional concern, the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (REB) launched an early case-control study and found no relationship between cell phone use and risk of glioma, meningioma or acoustic neuroma. A study of time trends in glioma incidence in the U.S. led by REB showed no rise despite dramatic increases in cell phone use. A subsequent REB assessment demonstrated that the elevated glioma risks associated with cell phone use in a Swedish study that influenced IARCs conclusion of possible carcinogenicity was not consistent with U.S. incidence trends, though incidence trends could be consistent with the small excess of glioma in the highest level users in the Interphone study. UV Dosimetry - 10262 A pilot study of 125 volunteer radiologic technologists was performed by REB investigators in which daily diaries and polysulfone UV dosimeters were used to develop better questionnaire approaches to ascertain environmental UV exposure for future studies of skin and other cancers in this largely female occupational population. The volunteers were queried 6 months later to test the reproducibility of responses to time outdoors. Agreement between reported time on weekdays was significantly higher than for weekends and the reproducibility of hour-based compared to activity-based questionnaires was poorer in adult women. Improved exposure assessment may enable us to characterize more quantitatively the effects of UV and ionizing radiation on skin and other cancers. PLCO Lung DNA Damage Study - 10334 It is unclear whether the reported associations between functional assays and increased lung cancer risk represent a true association because the tests were performed on biologic specimens collected after cancer diagnosis. It may be that they are measuring the consequence, rather than the underlying cause of cancer (termed reverse causation bias). Several DCEG investigators are participating in the effort to determine the predictive value of multiple phenotypic or functional assays in pre-diagnostic samples from lung cancer patients included in the Prostate, Lung, Colon, and Ovary (PLCO) screening trial. Primary study findings were that neomycin mutation sensitivity was associated with increased lung cancer risk. Further study of DNA repair genes will be done using existing GWAS data.