Precision Mapping the Human Cerebellum for Neuromodulation and Understanding of Brain Disorders

项目摘要/摘要 小脑是人类大脑的第二大结构。直到最近，小脑还是 仅被认为是一种发动机结构。神经解剖学的发现，小脑损伤患者的研究， 和人类神经成像都表明小脑的主要区域参与了 高级认知形式。与精神健康有关，小脑功能障碍被认为与 精神病学疾病和初步报告表明，对小脑进行非侵入性刺激可能会受益 精神分裂症的症状。然而，我们对小脑组织的详细了解远远落后于 大脑皮层，引发了关于与人类有关的小脑区的空间组织的争论 思想和情感，甚至关于小脑的功能组织在多大程度上 从一个人到另一个人是一致的。这项工作的目标是提供一个详细的理解 对小脑组织的研究，特别关注与高级认知有关的区域，包括 神经调节可及的区域。(1)首先，将使用先进的人类高场磁共振成像方法来绘制地图 完全在个体内部的横跨小脑的网络，保留了否则会有的解剖细节 如果采用分辨率较低的方法或平均每个人的研究结果，就会迷失方向。要达到这样的水平 精确每个人都会被重复成像。(2)第二，确立空间上分离的区域 小脑的功能是不同的，同样的人将被给予具有挑战性的任务，这些任务 探索语言、社交和记忆功能，严格建立小脑区之间的分离 它们之间的距离可能只有几毫米。(3)在精确的小脑组织图的支持下， 公开辩论将得到解决，其中包括高阶认知区重复多少次的问题 无论是小的、难以测绘的、孤立的功能区都有助于 每个人大脑的独特性。(4)对这项工作造福病人护理的长期目标至关重要， 每个人的小脑的精确地图将被用来模拟非侵入性的可能的影响 刺激。在这样做的过程中，将提供一条从小脑的精确映射到神经调节的路径 公开和高分辨率的地图和原始数据，社区可以利用这些地图和原始数据来进一步改进 可用于神经调节的方法。最广泛地说，目前的工作试图更好地理解 人类小脑的组织作为理解和进一步发展小说的基础 与精神疾病作斗争的干预措施。

PROJECT ABSTRACT/SUMMARY The cerebellum is the second largest structure in the human brain. Until recently, the cerebellum was considered solely a motor structure. Discoveries from neuroanatomy, study of patients with cerebellar lesions, and human neuroimaging have all converged to suggest that major zones of the cerebellum participate in advanced forms of cognition. Relevant to mental health, cerebellar dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric illness and preliminary reports suggest noninvasive stimulation of the cerebellum may benefit symptoms in schizophrenia. However our detailed understanding of cerebellar organization is far behind that of the cerebral cortex, leading to debates about the spatial organization of cerebellar zones linked to human thought and emotion, and even debate about the degree to which the functional organization of the cerebellum is consistent from one person to the next. The goal of the present work is to provide a detailed understanding of cerebellar organization with particular focus on zones implicated in higher-order cognition that include regions accessible to neuromodulation. (1) First, advanced human high-field MRI methods will be used to map networks across the cerebellum fully within individuals preserving the anatomical details that would otherwise be lost with lower resolution approaches or by averaging findings across individuals. To achieve this level of precision each individual will be imaged repeatedly. (2) Second, to establish that the spatially separate regions of the cerebellum are functionally distinct, the same individuals will be administered challenging tasks that probe language, social, and memorial functions to rigorously establish separation between cerebellar zones that may be as little as a few millimeters apart. (3) Enabled by the precision maps of cerebellar organization, open debates will be resolved that include questions about how many times high-order cognitive zones repeat across the cerebellum and whether small, difficult to map, isolated zones of function contribute to the uniqueness of each person’s brain. (4) Critical to the long-term objective of this work to benefit patient care, the precision maps of each individual’s cerebellum will be used to model the possible effects of non-invasive stimulation. In doing so, a path from precision mapping of the cerebellum to neuromodulation will be provided openly as well as high-resolution maps and raw data that can be utilized by the community to further improve available methods for neuromodulation. Most broadly, the present work seeks to better understand the detailed organization of the human cerebellum to serve as a foundation for understanding and further developing novel interventions in the battle against mental illness.