Sleep Duration Required to Restore Performance during Chronic Sleep Restriction

 描述(由申请人提供)：这项建议的目的有两个：(1)在Klerman博士指导本科生、研究生和医学生、博士后研究员和初级教员从事以患者为导向的研究(POR)并增强她在POR方面的能力的同时，为她提供有保障的时间和支持；以及(2)进行与长期睡眠限制对表现和睡眠的影响有关的POR。Klerman博士积极参与以患者为中心的实验工作以及数学分析和建模，这些工作将使研究结果能够转化为现实世界的应用。 数以百万计的美国人通常每晚睡眠不到6小时，这一数量被证明不足以维持健康的生理功能，并记录了新陈代谢、免疫功能、激素、情绪和表现/警觉性的异常。慢性睡眠不足使个人容易出现注意力疏忽、错误和事故。睡眠不足对表现的影响在生物(昼夜)晚上表现得很明显，特别是当昼夜节律与睡眠-觉醒时间表不同步时，就像15%的美国人参与倒班工作一样。我们最近证明，睡眠限制至少会影响大脑中两个不同的调节过程，这两个过程 不同的时间尺度会影响性能。一个短期的过程需要几个小时的时间才能建立起来，并且可以在一段长时间的睡眠中迅速恢复。一个长期的过程是在几天到几周的有限睡眠中建立起来的，而且恢复的时间更长。然而，我们仍然不知道最近睡眠和清醒发作的有限持续时间以及总体睡眠：唤醒比率如何影响睡眠不足的短期和长期后果。这是确定适当对策和公共卫生教育的关键信息。实验工作包括20小时的“天”，其中觉醒片段只持续15.33小时，但睡眠片段持续4.67小时(即1：3.3睡眠：唤醒)，带有睡眠和醒来的全部(不仅仅是习惯性的)昼夜节律。这一设计结合了对其他非24小时“白天”睡眠限制研究数据的荟萃分析，能够量化睡眠和觉醒发作持续时间以及昼夜节律在性能下降中的重要性。 拟议工作的结果将使我们能够确定慢性睡眠限制的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律相结合来确定在任何给定时间的表现。重要的是要了解睡眠限制和昼夜节律如何相互作用来决定表现，以便(I)制定工作轮班规则，将与疲劳相关的工业事故和机动车撞车的可能性降至最低，以及(Ii)个人可以负责任地计划自己的睡眠。这项指导工作将解决NHLBI赞助的睡眠和昼夜节律研究人员报告中记录的严重短缺问题。这项提案中概述的活动对科学、公共卫生、 和操作(工作)情况。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this proposal is two-fold: (1) to provide protected time and support to Dr. Klerman while she mentors undergraduate, graduate and medical students, post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty towards careers in patient-oriented research (POR) and augments her capabilities in POR; and (2) to conduct POR related to the effects of chronic sleep restriction on performance and sleep. Dr. Klerman is actively involved in both patient-oriented experimental work and mathematical analyses and modeling that will enable translation of research results into real-world applications. Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for maintaining healthy physiologic function, with documented abnormalities in metabolism, immune function, hormones, mood and performance/alertness. Chronic sleep deficiency predisposes an individual to attentional lapses, errors and accidents. The effect of sleep deficiency on performance is pronounced during the biological (circadian) night, particularly when circadian rhythms are not synchronized to the sleep-wake schedule, as may occur in the 15 percent of Americans who are involved in shift work. We recently demonstrated that sleep restriction affects at least two different regulatory processes in the brain that act on different time scales to affect performance. A short-term process builds over hours and can be rapidly recovered within one long sleep episode. A long-term process builds over days-to-weeks of restricted sleep and has a longer time course of recovery. However, we remain in the dark as to how the finite durations of recent sleep and wake episodes and the overall sleep:wake ratio affect the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency. This is key information for determining appropriate counter-measures and public health education. The experimental work includes 20-hr "days" in which the wake episode last only 15.33 hrs but the sleep episode lasts 4.67 hrs (i.e., 1:3.3 sleep:wake) with sleep and wake at all (not just habitual) circadian phases. This design, combined with a meta-analysis of data from other non-24-hr "day" studies with sleep restriction, enables quantification of the importance of sleep and wake episode duration and circadian timing in performance decrements. The results of the proposed work will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short- and long-term consequences of chronic sleep restriction and how they combine with circadian timing to determine performance at any given time. It is important to understand how sleep restriction and circadian timing interact to determine performance so that (i) work shift regulations can be developed to minimize the chances for fatigue-related industrial accidents and motor vehicle crashes and (ii) individuals can responsibly plan their sleep. The mentoring work will address a critical shortage documented in a NHLBI-sponsored report of researchers in sleep and circadian rhythms. The activities outlined in this proposal have implications for science, for public health, and operational (work) situations.