The effects of orange juice compared with sugar-sweetened beverage on risk factors and metabolic processes associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

项目总结： 流行病学研究和饮食干预研究的最新证据表明， 添加糖/含糖饮料会增加患心血管疾病等慢性疾病的风险 心血管疾病(CVD)、2型糖尿病(T2D)、代谢综合征和痛风。因此，汽水消费量在#年有所下降。 这个国家，以及新的饮食指南和FDA的食品标签要求已经颁布，以促进 更大程度地减少添加糖的消耗。然而，人们对艾滋病的影响还存在认识上的空白。 其他含糖食品，特别是那些100%果汁的食品，导致公众对 更健康的汽水选择，并阻碍在执行公共卫生政策方面取得进展，这些政策将促进更多 糖消耗量的减少。果汁中的含糖量与苏打水中的含糖量相当。 正因为如此，一些专家认为，饮用果汁的影响同样有害，甚至 比苏打水还糟糕。然而，与苏打水不同，果汁含有微量营养素和生物活性物质 可以减轻糖的影响，促进健康。因此，一些科学家认为果汁是一种 比苏打水更健康的选择。流行病学证据是相互矛盾的，结果来自有限的数量 的临床饮食干预研究直接比较了饮用果汁对新陈代谢的影响 含糖饮料也没有定论。这项提案的目标是解决 关于饮用橙汁和加糖对代谢影响的认识 饮料。我们建议将消耗25%能源需求的非重量效应比较如下 从橙汁或加糖饮料(SBB)中摄取碳水化合物4周，对风险因素和 与正常体重和超重男性心血管疾病和二尖瓣病变相关的代谢过程 还有女人。我们还建议测量尿中两种主要代谢物和分解代谢物的水平 橙汁中的黄烷酮含量与风险因素和新陈代谢过程的变化有关。我们 假设饮用橙汁对血液循环的有害影响比饮用SSB小 脂/脂蛋白危险因素和尿酸的浓度，以及对肝脏糖转化为脂肪的影响(从头开始 脂肪生成)和肝脏脂肪堆积。保持体重的低糖饮食，含有50%的能量 在两周的基线期间，将提供复合碳水化合物，并匹配包含25%的饮食 能量为复合碳水化合物，25%能量为来自橙汁或蔗糖的碳水化合物-SB 在为期4周的干预期间提供。实验程序将在基线期间进行 在最后两周的学习中。这项研究的结果，无论支持还是不支持我们的 假设，将帮助消费者做出明智的饮料选择，并帮助建立证据- 以旨在减缓心血管疾病和结核病流行的公共卫生政策为基础。

Project Summary: Recent evidence from epidemiological studies and dietary intervention studies suggest that consumption of added sugar/sugar-sweetened beverage increases risk for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome and gout. As a result, soda consumption has decreased in this country, and new dietary guidelines and FDA food labeling requirements have been enacted to promote greater reductions in added sugar consumption. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the effect of other sugar-containing foods, particularly those of 100% fruit juice, that have led to public confusion about healthier options for soda, and impede progress in implementing public health policies that will promote greater reductions in sugar consumption. The amount of sugar in fruit juice is comparable to the amount in soda. Because of this, some experts believe that the effects of consuming fruit juice are as detrimental, or even worse, than those of soda. However, in contrast to soda, fruit juice contains micronutrients and bioactives that may mitigate the effects of sugar and promote health. Therefore, some scientist believe that fruit juice is a healthier choice than soda. The epidemiological evidence is conflicting, and the results from the limited number of clinical dietary intervention studies that have directly compared the metabolic effects of consuming fruit juice with sugar-sweetened beverage are inconclusive. The objectives of this proposal are to address the gap in knowledge regarding the metabolic effects of consuming orange juice compared with sugar-sweetened beverage. We propose to compare the weight-independent effects of consuming 25% energy requirement as carbohydrate from orange juice or sucrose-sweetened beverages (SBB) for 4 weeks on risk factors and metabolic processes associated with the development of CVD and T2D in normal weight and overweight men and women. We also propose to measure urinary levels of the metabolites and catabolites of the two main flavanones in orange juice and relate these levels to changes in the risk factors and metabolic processes. We hypothesize that consumption of orange juice will have less detrimental effects than SSB on circulating concentrations of lipid/lipoprotein risk factors and uric acid, and on hepatic conversion of sugar to fat (de novo lipogenesis) and hepatic fat accumulation. Weight-maintaining, low sugar diets that contain 50% energy as complex carbohydrate will be provided during the 2-week baseline period, and matched diets that contain 25% energy as complex carbohydrate and 25% energy as carbohydrate from orange juice or sucrose-SB will be provided during the 4-week intervention period. Experimental procedures will be conducted during baseline and during the final 2 weeks of study. The results from this study, whether supportive or unsupportive of our hypotheses, will assist consumers in making informed beverage choices and aid efforts to establish evidence- based public health policy aimed at slowing the epidemics of CVD and T2D.