The effects of orange juice compared with sugar-sweetened beverage on risk factors and metabolic processes associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

项目摘要： 流行病学研究和饮食干预研究的最新证据表明， 添加糖/含糖饮料增加患心血管疾病等慢性疾病的风险 (CVD)、2型糖尿病（T2D）、代谢综合征和痛风。因此，苏打水的消费量在2009年有所下降。 新的饮食指南和FDA食品标签要求已经颁布，以促进 更大程度地减少添加糖的消耗。然而，在对影响的认识方面存在差距， 其他含糖食品，特别是100%果汁，导致公众混淆 更健康的选择苏打水，并阻碍在实施公共卫生政策，将促进更大的进展 减少糖的消耗。果汁中的糖含量与苏打水中的糖含量相当。 正因为如此，一些专家认为，饮用果汁的影响是有害的，甚至是有害的。 比苏打水更糟糕。然而，与苏打水相反，果汁含有微量营养素和生物活性物质， 可以减轻糖的影响，促进健康。因此，一些科学家认为，果汁是一种 更健康的选择。流行病学的证据是相互矛盾的，从有限的数量的结果， 临床饮食干预研究直接比较了饮用果汁对代谢的影响， 与含糖饮料的关系尚不确定本提案的目标是解决以下方面的差距： 关于消耗橙子汁与含糖饮料相比的代谢影响的知识 饮料。我们建议将消耗25%能量需求的重量无关影响进行比较， 从橙子汁或蔗糖饮料（SBB）中摄取碳水化合物4周， 正常体重和超重男性中与CVD和T2D发展相关的代谢过程 和妇女我们还建议测量尿液中两种主要代谢物和代谢物的水平。 研究人员发现，橙子汁中的黄烷酮含量与危险因素和代谢过程的变化有关。我们 假设饮用橙子汁对循环系统有害影响小于SSB 脂质/脂蛋白风险因子和尿酸的浓度，以及糖向脂肪的肝转化（从头 脂肪生成）和肝脂肪积累。保持体重，低糖饮食，含有50%的能量， 在2周基线期内提供复合碳水化合物，并提供含有25% 复合碳水化合物的能量和25%来自橙子汁或蔗糖的碳水化合物的能量-SB将 在为期4周的干预期间提供。将在基线期间进行实验程序 在研究的最后两周。这项研究的结果，无论是支持还是不支持我们的研究， 假设，将有助于消费者作出明智的饮料选择和援助努力，以建立证据- 基于公共卫生政策，旨在减缓心血管疾病和T2D的流行。

Project Summary: Recent evidence from epidemiological studies and dietary intervention studies suggest that consumption of added sugar/sugar-sweetened beverage increases risk for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome and gout. As a result, soda consumption has decreased in this country, and new dietary guidelines and FDA food labeling requirements have been enacted to promote greater reductions in added sugar consumption. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the effect of other sugar-containing foods, particularly those of 100% fruit juice, that have led to public confusion about healthier options for soda, and impede progress in implementing public health policies that will promote greater reductions in sugar consumption. The amount of sugar in fruit juice is comparable to the amount in soda. Because of this, some experts believe that the effects of consuming fruit juice are as detrimental, or even worse, than those of soda. However, in contrast to soda, fruit juice contains micronutrients and bioactives that may mitigate the effects of sugar and promote health. Therefore, some scientist believe that fruit juice is a healthier choice than soda. The epidemiological evidence is conflicting, and the results from the limited number of clinical dietary intervention studies that have directly compared the metabolic effects of consuming fruit juice with sugar-sweetened beverage are inconclusive. The objectives of this proposal are to address the gap in knowledge regarding the metabolic effects of consuming orange juice compared with sugar-sweetened beverage. We propose to compare the weight-independent effects of consuming 25% energy requirement as carbohydrate from orange juice or sucrose-sweetened beverages (SBB) for 4 weeks on risk factors and metabolic processes associated with the development of CVD and T2D in normal weight and overweight men and women. We also propose to measure urinary levels of the metabolites and catabolites of the two main flavanones in orange juice and relate these levels to changes in the risk factors and metabolic processes. We hypothesize that consumption of orange juice will have less detrimental effects than SSB on circulating concentrations of lipid/lipoprotein risk factors and uric acid, and on hepatic conversion of sugar to fat (de novo lipogenesis) and hepatic fat accumulation. Weight-maintaining, low sugar diets that contain 50% energy as complex carbohydrate will be provided during the 2-week baseline period, and matched diets that contain 25% energy as complex carbohydrate and 25% energy as carbohydrate from orange juice or sucrose-SB will be provided during the 4-week intervention period. Experimental procedures will be conducted during baseline and during the final 2 weeks of study. The results from this study, whether supportive or unsupportive of our hypotheses, will assist consumers in making informed beverage choices and aid efforts to establish evidence- based public health policy aimed at slowing the epidemics of CVD and T2D.