The role of prefrontal sulcal morphology and brain network architecture in cognitive development

项目总结 人脑的一个显著特征是大脑皮层有许多皱褶(沟)。据估计，60%-70% 大脑皮层的部分隐藏在脑沟深处。子宫沟出现在子宫中的不同时期：那些出现的 早期(初级)被认为处于更严格的基因控制之下，因此在位置和 人与人之间的关系，而不是那些发展较晚的人(第三级)。尽管现代认知神经科学已经 由于历史和方法论的原因，在很大程度上忽略了这些后来发展的沟，第三世界的模式 脑沟被认为具有功能意义(Sanides，1964)。在阐述这一观点时，我们推论 在发育过程中脑沟加深将皮质区域拉得更近，从而最大限度地减少连接长度和 提高局部神经信号的效率，进而有助于改善认知功能。 这一R21建议的中心假设是，联合皮质中第三级脑沟的发育 对功能性脑结构和高级认知发展的影响。我们打算测试一下 这一假说首次聚焦于长期被忽视的外侧前额叶皮质(LatPFC)的三级沟。 大脑中的一个区域，与较高水平的认知能力有关，如推理。探索功能性的 这些细小的PFC沟的意义，我们建议描述沟解剖， 个体参与者的推理能力和功能脑结构。为此，我们将利用 现有148名6-20岁参与者的多模式纵向数据集，包括解剖和功能 核磁共振和行为测量。在目标1a中，两个大脑半球的所有LatPFC三级沟各 个人将被手动定义，因为现代自动识别脑沟的方法不包括三级脑沟。 目标1b是开发一种自动方法来识别我们将免费与 菲尔德。一旦漫长的槽定义过程完成，我们将检查LatPFC的特征 三级沟随年龄增长而发展(目标2a)。然后，我们将测试这些功能的个体差异是否有帮助 解释和/或预测推理能力的差异，作为基于三个标准化因素的潜在因素来衡量 评估(目标2b)。最后，为了将大脑解剖学与脑功能联系起来，我们将测试个体LATPFC 在推理任务中，三级脑沟作为识别功能区的标志物，以及脑沟是否- 职能关系是稳定的或随着发展而变化(目标3)。 从理论上讲，我们的建议提出了将神经解剖学和功能的发展联系起来的理论 LatPFC的特征与认知发展有关，并检验了一个经典假说。在方法论上，它应该产生 定义LatPFC三级脑沟的自动化工具，未来也可以应用于其他皮质位置。 换言之，正如之前的研究报告的那样，ADHD、精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者的潜伏期前额叶沟异常 障碍，但没有考虑三叉沟或检查发展轨迹，拟议的研究将 为未来研究脑沟解剖在神经发育障碍中的作用奠定了基础。

PROJECT SUMMARY A distinctive feature of the human brain is the many folds (sulci) in the cortex. Estimates are that 60-70% of the cortex is hidden in sulcal depths. Sulci appear at different time periods in the womb: those that appear early (primary) are hypothesized to be under tighter genetic control, and therefore more similar in location and shape across people, than those that develop later (tertiary). Although modern cognitive neuroscience has largely overlooked these later-developing sulci, for historical and methodological reasons, patterns of tertiary sulci are theorized to have functional significance (Sanides, 1964). Elaborating on this idea, we theorize that sulcal deepening during development pulls cortical regions closer together, which minimizes wiring length and increases the efficiency of local neural signals, which in turn could contribute to improved cognitive functioning. The central hypothesis of this R21 proposal is that the development of tertiary sulci in association cortices has consequences for the development of functional brain architecture and high-level cognition. We propose to test this hypothesis for the first time, focusing on the long overlooked tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex (latPFC), a brain region implicated in higher-level cognitive capacities such as reasoning. To explore the functional significance of these latPFC sulci, we propose to characterize the relationships between sulcal anatomy, reasoning ability, and functional brain architecture in individual participants. To this end, we will leverage an existing multimodal, longitudinal dataset of 148 participants ages 6-20 that includes anatomical and functional MRI and behavioral measures. In Aim 1a, all latPFC tertiary sulci in both hemispheres of the brain in each individual will be manually defined, as modern automated methods to identify sulci do not include tertiary sulci. Aim 1b is to develop an automated approach to identify all latPFC tertiary sulci that we will share freely with the field. Once the lengthy process of sulcal definition is complete, we will examine whether features of latPFC tertiary sulci develop with age (Aim 2a). We will then test whether individual differences in these features helps to explain and/or predict differences in reasoning ability, measured as a latent factor based on three standardized assessments (Aim 2b). Finally, to relate brain anatomy with brain function, we will test whether individual latPFC tertiary sulci serve as landmarks identifying functional regions during a reasoning task, and whether sulcal- functional relationships are stable or change over development (Aim 3). Theoretically, our proposal advances theories linking the development of neuroanatomical and functional features of latPFC to cognitive development and tests a classic hypothesis. Methodologically, it should yield automated tools to define latPFC tertiary sulci, which could also be applied to other cortical locations in the future. Translationally, as previous studies reported latPFC sulcal anomalies in ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, but did not consider tertiary sulci or examine developmental trajectories, the proposed research will serve as a foundation for future studies of the role of sulcal anatomy in neurodevelopmental disorders.