Human and Translational Immunology Training Program

项目摘要 翻译免疫学的发展为培养具有人类免疫学专业知识的科学家创造了新的需求。 免疫学和技能，使免疫科学的发现，以临床。训练就是 翻译免疫学所需的免疫学特性不同于传统的细胞或分子免疫学或临床免疫学。 以理工科为重该计划满足了培养翻译免疫学家的四个未满足的需求。一是我们 对基础免疫学的理解在很大程度上是由初步观察和概念发展推动的 在动物模型中，但啮齿动物与人类的免疫反应之间存在许多差异。 需要对人体细胞和组织进行研究，以了解人类疾病的机制，并预测 人类临床环境中的结果。动物模型在准确模拟遗传学方面的能力有限， 变化和环境影响，可以影响人体免疫系统。第二，使用的方法 分析来自人类研究的数据，如基因组学、转录组学和代谢组学， 并且比从动物模型系统产生的数据可变。第三，仍然有一些常见的疾病， 免疫调节和免疫机制刚刚开始被识别和探索， 动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病。此外，理解 决定免疫反应的个体特征-为什么有些患者没有积极反应，或 甚至对目前许多基于免疫的方法产生负面反应，而其他方法则表现出强烈的反应， 才刚刚开始被阐明。最后，严重缺乏经过临床培训的调查人员， 接受过人体免疫学基础方面的培训。具有临床背景的人，希望追求 翻译免疫学中的进一步研究由于其有限的先前研究而不被鼓励。 培训和不熟悉新技术。为此，我们建议建立耶鲁人文学院， 翻译免疫学（HTI）培训计划（HTITP）。HTITP的发展源于 耶鲁大学的HTI项目，受训者的强烈兴趣，以及对熟练翻译的未满足的需求， 科学界的免疫学家。该计划将提供概念和技术培训 免疫学中以人为基础的生产性研究的基础，包括系统的新领域 免疫学、精准医学和宿主：环境相互作用，以及细胞和分子免疫学 问题研究该培训计划的导师涵盖多个学科，是人类研究的积极领导者， 健康和疾病免疫，具有利用患者样本进行临床和转化研究的专业知识， 擅长培养博士前、博士后。我们要求4个博士前插槽，工作 耶鲁大学的博士学位和3个博士后名额耶鲁大学是一个特殊的研究环境与国家- 最先进的培训资源拟议的方案将提供工具和调查经验， 培养转化免疫学领域的未来领导者。

Project Summary Progress in translational immunology has created a new demand for training scientists with expertise in human immunology and with the skills to bring discoveries in immune sciences to the clinic. The training that is required for translational immunology is distinct from traditional cellular or molecular immunology or the clinical sciences. This program fulfills four unmet needs in training translational immunologists. First, our understanding of basic immunology has largely been driven by primary observations and concept development in animal models, but there are many differences between immune responses in rodents versus humans. Studies of human cells and tissues are needed to understand the mechanisms of human diseases and predict outcomes in human clinical settings. Animal models are limited in their ability to accurately model genetic variations and environmental influences that can affect the human immune system. Second, the methods used to analyze data from human studies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, are more complex and variable than data generated from animal model systems. Third, there are still common diseases for which immune modulation and immune mechanisms are just beginning to be identified and explored such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, an understanding of individual features that determine immunologic responses - why some patients do not respond positively, or even respond negatively, to many current immune-based approaches while others show robust responses, is only beginning to be elucidated. Lastly, there is a critical shortage of clinically trained investigators who also have training in basic aspects of human immunology. Those with a clinical background who wish to pursue further studies in translational immunology are discouraged from this pathway because of their limited previous training and unfamiliarity with new technologies. To this end, we propose the establishment of the Yale Human and Translational Immunology (HTI) Training Program (HTITP). The HTITP has grown from the expansion of the HTI program at Yale, the strong interest among trainees, and the unmet need for skilled translational immunologists in the scientific community. The program will offer training in concepts and techniques fundamental to productive human-based research in immunology and includes the newer areas of systems immunology, precision medicine and host:environment interactions, as well cellular and molecular immunologic studies. The mentors for this training program cover multiple disciplines, are active leaders in studies of human immunity in health and disease, have expertise in clinical and translational studies utilizing patient samples, and are skilled at training predoctoral and postdoctoral trainees. We request 4 predoctoral slots, working toward a PhD degree at Yale, and 3 postdoctoral slots. Yale is an exceptional research environment with state- of-the-art resources for trainees. The proposed program will provide the tools and investigative experiences to train the future leaders in the field of translational immunology.