The relationship between language and executive function in DLD and FXS over time

项目摘要/摘要 儿童的语言障碍会对社会交流产生持续的、终生的影响 性能和适应性行为。受语言障碍影响特别严重的两个临床群体 包括发育性语言障碍(DLD)和脆性X综合征(FXS)。DLD影响了7%-13%的学校- 年龄儿童，特点是语法系统中普遍存在的缺陷 智力残疾。脆性X是最常见的遗传性智力残疾形式，男性FXS 有严重的语言障碍。值得注意的是，在语言表型上有显著的重叠 在语法产生方面，介于DLD和FXS之间。考虑到总体上的差异，这是令人震惊的 认知能力。重要的是，我们对语法中的重叠和区别区域一无所知 两种障碍之间的理解。此外，尽管这两个临床组有很大的不同 认知概况在智商方面，认知的其他方面也有重叠，即执行功能。 这一点特别有趣，因为有证据表明执行功能和语言技能之间存在关系 然而，在典型的发育过程中以及患有DLD的儿童中，这项工作在FXS中是不存在的。 已知(FXS)和未知(DLD)病因的疾病之间的比较研究有可能 告知理论和临床实践。因此，拟议的研究有三个具体目标，旨在 系统地研究语言方面的重叠和区别领域，重点是语法 儿童DLD和FXS儿童的产生和理解及其与执行功能的关系 发展框架。通过仔细的调查，我们将能够确定 除了DLD、FXS和一门语言的EF技能外，语法理解和产出的发展轨迹 与之匹配的具有典型发育的儿童组。我们将招募患有DLD的儿童(n=40)， FXS组40例，发育正常儿童组60例。子句长度将与子句长度匹配 确保相似的语言能力。拟议的研究将包括标准化评估的组合， 语言样本、实验任务和家长报告在两个时间点采取的措施，以跟踪 在这一语法发展的关键时期的成长和变化。拟议的研究将产生关键 关于儿童对语法的理解、随时间的变化、最佳评估方法以及 关于执行功能和语法发展之间关系的关键信息。数据 在这项研究中收集的信息将被用于治疗研究，旨在最大化有效性和 定向干预研究中DLD和FXS语言学习的有效性。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Language impairments in children have a persistent, lifelong impact on social communication, academic performance, and adaptive behaviors. Two clinical groups particularly impacted by language impairments include developmental language disorder (DLD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). DLD affects 7-13% of school- age children, and is characterized by pervasive impairments in the grammatical system in the absence of an intellectual disability. Fragile X is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and males with FXS have significant language impairments. Notably, there is a significant overlap in the language phenotype between DLD and FXS, in terms of grammatical production. This is striking given the difference in general cognitive abilities. Importantly, nothing is known regarding areas of overlap and distinction in grammatical comprehension between the two disorders. Additionally, although these two clinical groups have very different cognitive profiles in terms of IQ, there are overlaps in other aspects of cognition, namely executive function. This is particularly interesting, given evidence of a relationship between executive function and language skills during typical development as well as in children with DLD, however, this work is nonexistent in FXS. Comparative studies between disorders with known (FXS) and unknown (DLD) etiology have the potential to inform both theory and clinical practice. Thus, the proposed study has three specific aims designed to systematically investigate areas of overlap and distinction in terms of language with a focus on grammatical production and comprehension and the association with executive function in children with DLD and FXS in a developmental framework. Through careful investigations we will be able to determine the developmental trajectories of grammatical comprehension and production in addition to EF skills in DLD, FXS, and a language matched group of children with typical development. We will recruit children with DLD (n = 40), children with FXS (n = 40), and children with typical development (n = 60). Children will be matched on clause length to ensure similar language abilities. The proposed study will include a combination of standardized assessments, language samples, experimental tasks, and parent report measures taken at two time points in order to track growth and change during this critical period for grammatical development. The proposed study will yield key information regarding children's comprehension of grammar, change over time, best assessment methods, and critical information on the relationships between executive function and grammatical development. The data collected in this study will be used to inform treatment studies designed to maximize both the effectiveness and efficacy of language learning in DLD and FXS in targeted intervention studies.