The Effect of Social Influence on Effort-Cost Decision-Making in Schizophrenia: From Mechanisms to Real-World Associations

项目总结/摘要 动机行为和努力成本决策（ECDM）的缺陷是精神分裂症的核心， 疾病（SZ）。ECDM范例表明SZ不太可能使用上下文信息（例如，奖励 幅度和概率）来决定是否为奖励付出高努力。制裁本身是 在对他们最有利的情况下，他们不太可能花费精力。这些动机缺陷 与功能结果密切相关，其治疗仍然无效，这突出表明需要 研究可能增强SZ ECDM的因素。社会影响（例如，关于对等体信息的存在 决策）已被证明会在健康个体（HC）中驱动ECDM，特别是在低回报或低风险的条件下。 概率（当其他上下文因素可能不太可能独立地这样做时）。虽然很少有 在研究社会影响对SZ努力的作用的文献中，有一些证据表明，SZ可能会增加 努力支出，以回应社会的鼓励，（不像在HC），这可能是特别的情况 在高回报的条件下。因此，社会因素可以通过增加以下方面的努力来加强深圳的ECDM： 这样做最有利的条件--深圳表现出最大的 损伤与行为研究结果一致，SZ不太可能使用与奖励相关的信息来 他们也可能在相关的神经区域中表现出减少的奖励相关调制， 有效的ECDM：腹侧纹状体，腹内侧前额叶皮层，前扣带皮层。有趣的是， 这些区域与那些参与同伴信息和社会奖励反应的区域重叠， 社会信息可能通过激活神经系统来调节SZ中关于努力的决定， 发挥有效的ECDM作用。此外，为了了解这些基于实验室的神经和 社会对ECDM的影响的行为标志物可能导致SZ的功能性获益，因此， 它们与现实世界中社会动机报告中的个体差异有何关系。因此，这项建议旨在 使用多方法框架（例如，行为任务，功能磁共振成像，EMA），以检查是否社会信息 调节SZ中关于努力支出的决定，就像在HC中一样，这些决定的神经基础， 与这种关系相关的社会动机的真实世界个体差异。结果 拟议的研究可以阐明SZ的社会和动机障碍的性质，并为干预提供信息 努力改善这些不利的赤字。该项目的实现将使申请人获得 培训：1）神经成像技术和分析，2）社会过程和动机之间的联系 3）EMA设计，收集和分析，4）研究的严谨性和可重复性，以及5）专业 发展这个项目将帮助候选人实现她的目标，成为一个独立的校长 使用多模态方法来调查社会的机制和现实世界的相关性的调查员 和动机障碍。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ ABSTRACT Deficits in motivated behavior and effort-cost decision-making (ECDM) are core to schizophrenia and related disorders (SZ). ECDM paradigms show that SZ are less likely to use contextual information (e.g., reward magnitude and probability) to drive decisions about whether to exert high effort for rewards. As such, they are less likely to expend effort in situations when it would benefit them the most to do so. These motivational deficits have been closely linked to functional outcomes and their treatment remains ineffective, highlighting the need to examine factors that could enhance ECDM in SZ. Social influence (e.g., the presence of information about peer decisions) has been shown to drive ECDM in healthy individuals (HC), particularly in conditions of low reward or probability (when the other contextual factors may be less likely to independently do so). While there is very little literature examining the role of social influence on effort in SZ, there is some evidence that SZ may increase effort expenditure in response to social encouragement and that (unlike in HC) this may particularly be the case in conditions of high reward magnitude. Thus, social factors could enhance ECDM in SZ by increasing effort in the conditions in which it would be most beneficial to do so-- conditions in which SZ demonstrate the most impairments. Consistent with behavioral findings that SZ are less likely to use reward-related information to inform effortful decisions, they also may show reduced reward-related modulation in neural regions associated with effective ECDM: ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, these regions overlap with those involved in response to peer information and social reward, raising the possibility that social information may modulate decisions about effort in SZ by activating neural systems that play a role in effective ECDM. Further, to understand whether and for whom these laboratory-based neural and behavioral markers of social influence on ECDM might lead to functional benefit in SZ, it is critical to examine how they relate to individual differences in real-world reports of social motivation. Thus, this proposal seeks to use a multimethod framework (e.g., behavioral task, fMRI, EMA) to examine whether social information modulates decisions about effort expenditure in SZ as it does in HC, the neural bases of these decisions, and real-world individual differences in social motivation that are associated with this relationship. Results from the proposed study could elucidate the nature of social and motivational impairments in SZ and inform intervention efforts to ameliorate these impairing deficits. The realization of this project will allow the applicant to receive training in: 1) neuroimaging techniques and analysis, 2) the link between social processes and motivated behavior in SZ, 3) EMA design, collection and analysis, 4) research rigor and reproducibility, and 5) professional development. This project will help the candidate accomplish her goal of becoming an independent principal investigator that uses multimodal approaches to investigate the mechanisms and real-world correlates of social and motivational impairments in SZ.