Prospective predictors of alcohol expectancies in children with and without ADHD

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管酒精使用障碍具有临床和公共卫生意义，但相对而言，人们对酒精问题之前的儿童危险因素知之甚少。这意味着未来的研究必须采用一种更加发育的方法来研究时间（即发病）、顺序和从最初的酒精预期到开始饮酒以及酒精问题的进展。本研究采用200-225名具有种族和社会经济差异的6-9岁儿童作为严格特征样本，有或没有注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD），旨在进行一项为期两年的前瞻性纵向研究，以了解早期酒精预期和酒精参与的行为、神经心理学和家庭预测因素。在基线，使用多种方法（即评分量表，结构化和半结构化访谈，模拟，观察）和信息者（即家长，采访者，老师）在认知，学术，神经心理学，家庭和精神病理学领域的混合综合评估儿童和家庭。拟议的后续研究将保留类似的方法/结构作为基线，并进行适当的发展修改，以促进跨时间比较。然而，前瞻性随访的重点是对儿童和父母的酒精相关表型进行严格和发育敏感的评估。我们的长期目标是利用这项对有和没有多动症儿童的大型横断面研究，对酒精使用障碍及相关问题的行为、神经心理学和家庭前兆进行高信息量的前瞻性纵向研究。基于在干预和预防方面的创新可以从确定酒精预期、开始使用和酒精使用升级的潜在因果风险因素的研究中得到预期，我们预计本研究的结果将有助于减少与酒精使用障碍相关的相当大的临床和公共卫生负担。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Despite the clinical and public health significance of alcohol use disorders, relatively little is known about the childhood risk factors that precede alcohol problems. This implies that future studies must adopt a more developmentally-informed approach to the study of the timing (i.e., onset), sequencing, and progression from initial alcohol expectancies to alcohol use initiation, and to alcohol problems. Using a rigorously characterized sample of ethnically- and socioeconomically-diverse 200-225 6-9 year-old children with and without attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the proposed study aims to conduct a two-year prospective longitudinal study to understand the behavioral, neuropsychological, and family predictors of early alcohol expectancies and alcohol engagement. At baseline, children and families were comprehensively assessed using a mixture of multiple methods (i.e., rating scales, structured and semi-structured interviews, analogue, observational) and informants (i.e., parent, interviewer, teacher) across cognitive, academic, neuropsychological, family, and psychopathology domains. The proposed follow-up will preserve similar methods/constructs as baseline, with appropriate developmental modifications, to facilitate cross-time comparisons. However, the focus of the prospective follow-up is to incorporate rigorous and developmentally-sensitive assessments of alcohol-related phenotypes in children and parents. Our long-term goal is to leverage this large cross-sectional study of children with and without ADHD into a highly-informative prospective longitudinal study of the behavioral, neuropsychological, and family precursors of alcohol use disorders and related problems. Based on the premise that innovations in intervention and prevention can be expected from studies that identify potential causal risk factors for alcohol expectancies, use initiation, and escalation of alcohol use, we anticipate that findings from this study will help to reduce the considerable clinical and public health burden associated with alcohol use disorders. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: To date, there are relatively few studies that have identified childhood precursors of alcohol expectancies and explicit use. The proposed study will help elucidate the behavioral, neuropsychological, and family determinants of alcohol expectancies and use in school-aged children. This study will also position the investigative team to follow this well-characterized sample into early adolescence and to characterize the timing and sequencing of alcohol use initiation and escalation.