Crystallization and precipitation: chiral compounds and metals powders

结晶和沉淀是工业中广泛使用的两种工艺，有着广泛的应用。这些应用可以分为两大类。第一个也是最常见的应用是根据组分的溶解度来分离溶液中的组分，以便回收或提纯。另一种是通过气相或液相均相反应生产固体颗粒。在结晶/沉淀操作中，最重要的考虑是控制固体产品的纯度、粒度分布以及经常产生的晶体的形态和习惯。例如，在制药应用中，晶体形态和晶体结构可以影响药物在接收生物体中的可用性。拟议的研究方案由两个项目组成，它们都与结晶和沉淀密切相关。第一个项目涉及对映体的结晶，这是一组在制药和食品工业中极其重要的化合物。对映体是相互镜像的一对分子。由于它们除了在太空中的构型外都是相似的，它们的物理性质，如溶解度、熔点和沸点都是相同的，但它们的化学性质可能不同。例如，虽然大量药物是手性分子，但只有一个对映体具有药物活性。其他的可能活性较低，甚至有毒。从经济、医学和环境角度来看，能够分离出感兴趣的对映体的用处是显而易见的。第二个项目与银粉生产有关。高纯银粉被用作催化剂、透明涂层以及玻璃和陶瓷的颜料，广泛应用于微电子元器件的生产。粉末在此类应用中的适用性取决于其形状、大小和粒度分布。因此，预测和控制沉淀或结晶反应的行为对于获得所需的粉末性能是很重要的。这两个项目的总体目标都是确定最终产品在纯度、大小、粒度分布和形态方面具有所需性能的条件。

Crystallization and precipitation are two processes that are widely used in the industry for a vast array of applications. These applications can be classified into two broad groups. The first and most common application is in separating components in solution based on their solubility for recovery or purification. The other is in the production of solid particles via either gas or liquid phase homogenous reactions. The most important consideration in crystallization /precipitation operation is the control of the solid product with respect to its purity, particle size distribution and very often morphology and habit of the produced crystal. For example, in pharmaceutical applications, the crystal morphology and crystal structure can influence the availability of the drug in the receiving organism. The proposed research program consists of two projects both intimately related to crystallization and precipitation. The first project is concerned with the crystallization of enantiomers, a group of compounds which are extremely important in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Enantiomers are pairs of molecules that are mirror images of each other. Since they are similar except for their configuration in space, their physical properties such as solubility, melting and boiling point are identical but their chemical properties can differ. For example, although a large number of drugs are chiral molecules, only one enantiomer is active as a drug. The others may be less active, or even toxic.  The usefulness of being able to isolate the enantiomer of interest is obvious both from economical, medical and environmental points of view. The second project is related to the production of silver powder. High purity silver powders are used as catalysts, transparent coatings, and pigments for glasses and ceramics and they are widely used in the production of microelectronic components. The suitability of the powder for use in such applications depends on the shape, size and size distribution. Thus it is important to predict and control the behavior of the precipitation or crystallization reaction for the attainment of the desired powder properties. The general objective of both projects is to establish the conditions at which the resulting products have the desired properties in terms of their purity size, size distribution and morphology.