Operation over complex terrains & atmospheric icing events: wind energy critical issues related to security of supply & wind-project evaluation

过去几年，风能在电力生产商中获得了极大的兴趣，预计未来几年风力涡轮机的安装速度将会很高。然而，可用于这些新安装的理想站点较少。随着风电项目在地形复杂的地区建设，风电场成功的风险大大增加。除了在风电场项目评估期间进行的定期分析外，加拿大的环境对供应安全提出了两个重要挑战：(i)在复杂地形上运行；（ii）大气结冰事件。为了提高与加拿大风能生产相关的供应安全，拟议的研究计划由两个主题组成。第一个主题与复杂地形上微观尺度大气边界层的数值模拟有关。第二个是加拿大的大气结冰气候学。第一个主题的主要目标是通过湍流建模和地形表示（分辨率，地表覆盖表示）的基础研究，提高在微观尺度上复杂地形上大气边界层数值模拟艺术的知识。模拟代码改编自Hydro-Quebec （HQ）的涡轮水力分析模型（MATH）平台到大气流动，将是评估风电场项目相关风险和不确定性工具的核心，通过绘制不应安装风力涡轮机的排除区域，因为局部流动具有不期望的特征，例如(i)存在流动分离，（ii）高水平湍流和（iii）强切变水平。第二个主题的主要目标是为风能行业提供加拿大历史上发生的大气结冰事件地图集，显示描述大气结冰事件的参数平均值和极值，如频率、持续时间、强度和风特性。这些详细的信息可以用来估计由于这些事件造成的能量损失，以及风电项目预计发电量的不确定性。

Wind Energy has gained significant interest in the past years among electricity producers and wind turbines are expected to be installed at a high pace for years to come. However, fewer ideal sites are available for these new installations. With construction of wind projects in sites with complex topographies, the risks associated with the success of a wind park have significantly raised. In addition to regular analyses performed during evaluation of a wind park project, the Canadian environment poses two challenges important for security of supply: (i) operation over complex terrains and (ii) atmospheric icing events. With the objective of improving the security of supply related to wind energy production in Canadian settings, the proposed research program is composed of two themes. The first theme is related to the numerical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer at micro-scales levels over complex terrains. The second one is dedicated to the atmospheric icing climatology of Canada. The first theme main objective is an improvement of the knowledge on the art of numerical modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer over complex terrains at micro-scale levels through fundamental studies of turbulence modeling and terrain representation (resolution, ground cover representation). The simulation code, adapted from the Models for Analysis of Turbine Hydraulics (MATH) platform of Hydro-Quebec (HQ) to atmospheric flows, will be the core of a tool to evaluate the risk and uncertainties associated with a wind park project by drawing exclusion regions where wind turbines should not be installed because local flow bears undesired characteristics such as (i) presence of flow separation, (ii) high levels of turbulence and (iii) strong shear levels. The main objective of the second theme is to provide the wind energy industry with a Canadian atlas of atmospheric icing events that occurred historically, displaying averages and extreme values of parameters that describe atmospheric icing events like frequency, duration, intensity, and wind properties. This detailed information could be used to estimate the energy loss due to such events, as well as the uncertainties on the projected energy yield of a wind project.