Arctic hydrogeology and paleoclimatology

冰冻圈大约占加拿大陆地面积的一半，下面是常年冻结的永久冻土，这极大地改变了我们所知道的在温带地区通过流域控制水运动的机制。通过永久冻土带的地下水运动是北极水文循环的重要组成部分，因为它为鱼类产卵栖息地提供了基础流。它参与了内层石的形成，生物矿化，保存了古气候信息以及极端环境下的生命信息。地下水在塔里克的长期影响还包括在冰期/间冰期循环尺度上对北部采矿和核废料贮存的影响。虽然我们对今天北方地下水的作用所知甚少，但对它在过去北极气候下的作用所知更少。

The cryosphere constitutes roughly one half of Canada's land mass, and is underlain by perennially frozen terrain - permafrost - that greatly alters the mechanisms we know to govern water movement through watersheds in temperate landscapes. Groundwater movement through talik (unfrozen) zones in permafrost is an important component of the Arctic hydrological cycle, as it provides base flow for fish spawning habitat. It is involved in the formation of endostromatolites, biomineralizations that hold paleoclimate information as well as information on life in extreme environments. Long-term impacts of groundwater in talik also include effects on mining in the north and on nuclear waste repositories over the scale of glacial/interglacial cycles. While little is known about the role of groundwater in the north today, even less is understood about its role under past Arctic climates.