Methylmercury in fish: understanding effects and identifying approaches to decrease exposure

在过去的200年里，人类用汞污染了地球表面。当汞到达地表水（海洋、湖泊、河流）时，它可以转化为甲基汞，甲基汞在鱼类体内积聚到高浓度并引起毒性。食用受污染的鱼类是人类接触甲基汞的主要途径，对健康有害。除努纳武特以外，加拿大所有省份和地区都有关于甲基汞的鱼类消费建议。这项研究的第一个目标将是研究影响汞向甲基汞转化或“甲基化”的环境过程。在不列颠哥伦比亚省，我们将研究是什么决定了空气中有多少汞最终可以在湖泊中甲基化。在魁北克，我们将研究硫酸盐（酸雨）向湖泊的输送如何影响甲基化。在努纳武特，我们将研究湖泊变暖实际上如何导致一些甲基汞转化回无机汞。最终，我们希望充分了解这些过程，以便能够建议管理措施，以减少鱼类体内的甲基汞浓度，从而取消对消费的限制。这项研究的第二个目标是研究甲基汞对鱼类本身的影响。鱼类不仅对人类来说是宝贵的资源，对生态系统来说也是宝贵的资源，直到最近人们才知道甲基汞也会对鱼类产生毒性。我们将研究甲基汞如何影响魁北克湖泊中重要鱼类的繁殖、生长和生存（白眼鱼、北梭子鱼）。这一信息将有助于对受甲基汞污染的体育和商业渔业进行适当监管。

During the past 200 years, humans have contaminated the surface of the Earth with mercury. When mercury reaches surface water (oceans, lakes, rivers), it can be transformed to methylmercury, which accumulates to high concentrations in fish and causes toxicity. Consumption of contaminated fish is the major way humans are exposed to methylmercury and it is detrimental to health. All provinces and territories in Canada, except Nunavut, have fish consumption advisories due to methylmercury. The first objective of this research will be to study the environmental processes that influence the transformation, or "methylation", of mercury to methylmercury. In British Columbia, we will study what determines how much mercury in the air is eventually available for methylation in lakes. In Quebec, we will study how the delivery of sulfate (acid rain) to lakes influences methylation. In Nunavut, we will study how the warming of lakes may actually cause some methylmercury to be transformed back to inorganic mercury. Ultimately, we wish to understand these processes well enough to be able to recommend management practices to reduce methylmercury concentrations in fish to the point that restrictions on consumption can be lifted. The second objective of this research will be to study the effects of methylmercury on the fish themselves. Fish are valuable resources, not only for humans but also intrinsically for ecosystems, and it wasn't known until fairly recently that methylmercury causes toxicity in fish, too. We will study how methylmercury affects the reproduction, growth, and survival of important fish species (walleyes, northern pike) in lakes of Quebec. This information will be useful for the proper regulation of sport and commercial fisheries that are contaminated with methylmercury.