Bottom-up and top-down factors in visual and auditory asymmetries

我的建议的主要理论基础来自Hugdahl(2000)提出的模型，根据该模型，在任何相关任务中观察到的知觉不对称反映了自下而上成分和自上而下成分的组合。当特定刺激的呈现为身体一侧带来相对于另一侧的表现优势时，就会观察到知觉不对称。具体地说，拟议的工作将侧重于分别产生视觉和听觉刺激，这对左或右视野中呈现的刺激有利，对左耳或右耳呈现的声音有利。在这种情况下，自下而上的方面反映了刺激内容(通常是言语或非言语的)和大脑组织，而自上而下的方面指的是注意效应(即将视觉或听觉注意力引导到特定位置的能力)。然而，我建议自上而下的组成部分应该包括其他因素，而自下而上的组成部分所涉及的具体因素在模型中仍然没有具体说明。从这个角度来看，我建议进行三条线的调查，以满足描述知觉不对称中自上而下和自下而上的过程的短期目标。在一项研究中，测量知觉不对称性的视觉和听觉任务将从它们具有重要记忆成分的角度进行检查。第二条线的研究将建立在这样的假设之上，即讽刺的演讲往往比真诚的演讲更慢、更低调、更响亮。第三项研究将调查在双耳听力中刺激占优势的因素，并研究在评估听觉不对称时将这些因素的影响降至最低的方法。这项研究的长期目标是确定知觉不对称背后的任务成分和大脑机制，最终目标是提供有效和可靠的知觉不对称测量，用于癫痫和脑肿瘤等神经损伤患者的术前筛查。因此，本研究对脑功能专业化的测量具有重要的应用价值。

The main theoretical foundation for my proposal stems from the model proposed by Hugdahl (2000) according to which the observed perceptual asymmetry in any relevant task reflects a combination of a bottom-up component and a top-down component. Perceptual asymmetries are observed whenever presentation of specific stimuli produces a performance advantage for one side of the body over the other. Specifically, the proposed work will focus on visual and auditory stimuli producing, respectively, an advantage for stimuli presented in the left or right visual field, and an advantage for sounds presented to the left or right ear. In this context, the bottom-up aspect reflects stimulus content (typically verbal or non-verbal) and cerebral organization, whereas the top-down aspect refers to attentional effects (i.e. the ability to direct visual or auditory attention to a specific location). However, I propose that other factors should be included in the top-down component, whereas specific factors involved in the bottom-up component remain underspecified in the model. From this perspective, I propose to pursue three lines of inquiries meeting the short-term objective of characterizing top-down and bottom-up processes in perceptual asymmetries. In one line of research, visual and auditory tasks measuring perceptual asymmetries will be examined from the perspective that they have a significant memory component. A second line of research, will build on the hypothesis that sarcastic speech tends to be slower, of lower pitch, and louder than sincere speech. The third line of research will investigate factors responsible for stimulus dominance in dichotic listening and examine ways to minimize the influence of these factors in the assessment of auditory asymmetries. The long-term goal of this research is to identify task components and cerebral mechanisms underlying perceptual asymmetries with the ultimate goal to provide valid and reliable measurement of perceptual asymmetries for use in the pre-surgery screening of patients with neurological impairments such as epilepsy and brain tumors. Thus, this research has important applications relevant to the measurement of functional cerebral specialization.