The neural basis of top-down biasing of bottom-up visual processing
自下而上视觉处理的自上而下偏置的神经基础
基本信息
- 批准号:2241975
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 69.9万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:美国
- 项目类别:Continuing Grant
- 财政年份:2023
- 资助国家:美国
- 起止时间:2023-08-01 至 2026-07-31
- 项目状态:未结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Although much of what we see is simply driven by incoming visual stimuli and corresponds almost perfectly with physical reality, sometimes we can look at an image or the natural world and see things that aren’t really there. This is the origin of many visual illusions. Other times, however, what we visually experience depends on how we process incoming visual stimuli. For example, we can even see what we intend to see, as when we choose to see the forms of animals or faces in clouds in the sky. So, our intentions can play a role in visual perception. Attention is also influential in how we see. For example, we are more likely to notice details about the things to which we are paying attention. Attention is not in the world or in the “bottom-up” visual stimulus, but is a “top-down” focusing mechanism in our brain that enables us to selectively attend to the most relevant incoming stimuli. Perception can therefore be influenced by both “top-down” attention and “top-down” intentions. We call this “top-down” processing because what we see is not solely driven by what is in the “bottom-up” sensory input. It is also affected by where our attention is focused, and by the nature of our expectations and intentions. One example of a kind of visual input that is driven by top-down processing is so-called “apparent motion.” One example occurs when you are driving on the highway and see two flashing lights aligned diagonally, on opposite corners of an imaginary square. When these turn off, two different lights turn on at the other two corners of the invisible square. When the two light configurations toggle on and off sequentially, you are very likely to experience an illusion of apparent motion and see the flashed lights appear to jump back and forth, even though the lights are stationary at any given time. Interestingly, some people spontaneously see apparent motion in the horizontal direction, while others see apparent vertical motion between the lights when they flash on and off in pairs, even when no lightbulbs are actually moving at all. What is even more fascinating, is that people can often consciously decide whether they subsequently see illusory vertical or horizontal motion, so their intention can shape their perception of this apparent motion illusion. A central question driving this research is how a “top-down” intention to see vertical vs horizontal motion is realized in the brain. The experiments in this project are designed to unravel the neural mechanisms that can lead to this voluntary reshaping of perception. Subjects perform these perceptual experiments while their brains are being imaged non-invasively, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), so that brain activity can be monitored while subjects engage in the task. Visual perception experiments are conducted in the scanner with human subjects who are instructed to try to see either vertical or horizontal motion, and then switch directions when cued. There are visual motion processing areas in the cortex of the brain, with different sub-areas encoding vertical versus horizontal motion directions. After collecting fMRI data, it is possible to analyze brain images to precisely locate those brain areas that allow predictions of a subject’s intention: i.e. whether subjects were intending to see horizontal or vertical motion, before any motion took place in the stimulus. Based on brain activity, it is also possible to decipher what motion they would actually end up perceiving, given their intention to see horizontal or vertical motion. The ultimate goal of the research is to discover what areas of the brain allow us to decode these visual intentions, and to understand how top-down processing works in the brain for all forms of sensory perception. In addition to scholarly research, the project team also hopes to engage in multiple outreach efforts to broaden participation in science and improve public understanding of and interest in scientific research, including giving public talks on science, writing about science for the general public, and setting up a hall of visual illusions for a museum of science.This project is jointly funded by the Cognitive Neuroscience Program, and the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR).This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
虽然我们所看到的大部分东西都是由视觉刺激驱动的,并且几乎完全符合物理现实,但有时我们在看图像或自然世界时,会看到一些并不真实存在的东西。这是许多视觉错觉的起源。然而,其他时候,我们的视觉体验取决于我们如何处理传入的视觉刺激。例如,我们甚至可以看到我们想要看到的东西,就像我们选择看到动物的形状或天空中云中的面孔一样。所以,我们的意图可以在视觉感知中发挥作用。注意力也会影响我们看东西的方式。例如,我们更有可能注意到我们正在关注的事物的细节。注意力不在世界上,也不在“自下而上”的视觉刺激中,而是我们大脑中“自上而下”的聚焦机制,使我们能够选择性地关注最相关的传入刺激。因此,感知可以受到“自上而下”的注意和“自上而下”的意图的影响。我们称之为“自上而下”的处理,因为我们所看到的不仅仅是由“自下而上”的感官输入驱动的。它还受到我们注意力集中的地方,以及我们期望和意图的本质的影响。由自上而下的处理驱动的视觉输入的一个例子是所谓的“视动”。举个例子,当你在高速公路上开车时,看到两个闪烁的灯对角线排列,在一个想象的正方形的对角上。当这些灯关闭时,两个不同的灯在看不见的正方形的另外两个角落打开。当两种灯依次打开和关闭时,你很可能会产生一种明显运动的错觉,看到闪烁的灯光似乎来回跳跃,即使灯光在任何给定的时间都是静止的。有趣的是,一些人自发地看到了水平方向的明显运动,而另一些人则看到了成对闪烁的灯之间明显的垂直运动,即使灯泡根本没有运动。更令人着迷的是,人们通常可以有意识地决定他们随后看到的是虚幻的垂直还是水平运动,因此他们的意图可以塑造他们对这种明显运动错觉的感知。推动这项研究的一个核心问题是,大脑是如何实现“自上而下”的观察垂直和水平运动的意图的。这个项目中的实验旨在揭示导致这种自愿重塑感知的神经机制。实验对象在进行这些感知实验的同时,他们的大脑会被使用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)进行非侵入性成像,这样就可以在实验对象参与任务时监测他们的大脑活动。视觉感知实验是在扫描仪中进行的,受试者被指示尝试看到垂直或水平的运动,然后在提示时切换方向。大脑皮层有视觉运动处理区域,不同的子区域编码垂直和水平运动方向。在收集了功能磁共振成像数据后,就可以分析大脑图像,以精确定位那些可以预测受试者意图的大脑区域:即,在刺激发生任何运动之前,受试者是打算看到水平运动还是垂直运动。根据大脑活动,也有可能破译他们最终会感知到的运动,考虑到他们想要看到水平或垂直的运动。这项研究的最终目标是发现大脑的哪些区域允许我们解码这些视觉意图,并了解大脑中自上而下的处理如何处理所有形式的感官知觉。除学术研究外,项目组还希望开展多种外联活动,扩大公众对科学的参与,提高公众对科学研究的理解和兴趣,包括举办公开的科学讲座,为公众撰写科学文章,为科学博物馆设立视错觉大厅。本项目由认知神经科学项目和刺激竞争研究的既定项目(EPSCoR)共同资助。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命,并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估,被认为值得支持。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(0)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
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Peter Tse其他文献
Iron-activated alcohol dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis: spectroscopic and magnetic properties
来自运动发酵单胞菌的铁激活的乙醇脱氢酶:光谱和磁性
- DOI:
- 发表时间:
1989 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
E. N. Bakshi;Peter Tse;K. Murray;G. Hanson;R. Scopes;A. G. Wedd - 通讯作者:
A. G. Wedd
Iron-activated alcohol dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis: isolation of apoenzyme and metal dissociation constants
来自运动发酵单胞菌的铁激活的乙醇脱氢酶:脱辅基酶和金属解离常数的分离
- DOI:
- 发表时间:
1989 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
Peter Tse;R. Scopes;A. G. Wedd - 通讯作者:
A. G. Wedd
Peter Tse的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Peter Tse', 18)}}的其他基金
NCS-FO: Collaborative Research: Electroencephalography of Octopus bimaculoides using frequency tagging
NCS-FO:合作研究:使用频率标签对双斑章鱼进行脑电图检查
- 批准号:
2122962 - 财政年份:2021
- 资助金额:
$ 69.9万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
NCS-FO: Collaborative Research: Developing Underwater EEG Electrodes for Octopus Research
NCS-FO:合作研究:开发用于章鱼研究的水下脑电图电极
- 批准号:
1844589 - 财政年份:2018
- 资助金额:
$ 69.9万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
RII Track-2 FEC: Neural Basis of Attention
RII Track-2 FEC:注意力的神经基础
- 批准号:
1632738 - 财政年份:2016
- 资助金额:
$ 69.9万 - 项目类别:
Cooperative Agreement
Mapping Visual Attention with Change Blindness in 3D
在 3D 中映射视觉注意力与变化盲点
- 批准号:
0545303 - 财政年份:2006
- 资助金额:
$ 69.9万 - 项目类别:
Standard Grant
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