Application of nonlocal continuum mechanics in modeling of carbon nanotubes and graphenes

石墨烯被称为“神奇的材料”，是一种超强且透明的碳，只有一个原子厚度，可用于太阳能电池板和轻质复合材料。碳纳米管是由石墨烯制成的圆柱体。碳纳米管（CNTs）和石墨烯已经被发现在无数的技术创新和应用中具有巨大的潜力，例如极轻和坚固的织物，化学传感器，电子传感器，燃料电池和药物输送。不幸的是，由于石墨烯和碳纳米管建模的两种主要传统方法的局限性，对其力学行为的理解不足，阻碍了它们的迅速和广泛应用：原子模型，如经典分子动力学，通常局限于小尺度计算和局部连续介质力学，其适用性有限，因为在小尺度下，单个原子之间的晶格间距变得越来越重要，理论无法解释尺度效应。

Claimed to be "wonder material", graphene is a super-strong and transparent form of carbon with one atom thickness which can be used in solar panels and lightweight composites. A carbon nanotube is a cylinder made of graphene. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphenes have been discovered to hold great potential for countless technology innovations and applications, such as extremely lightweight and strong fabrics, chemical sensors, electrical sensors, fuel cells, and drug delivery. Unfortunately, their prompt and wide applications are hindered by insufficient understanding of their mechanical behaviour due to limitations of two major traditional approaches for graphene and CNTs modelling: atomistic modelling such as classical molecular dynamics which is usually limited to small scale calculations and local continuum mechanics which have limited applicability due to the fact that at small size the lattice spacing between individual atoms becomes increasingly important and the theory cannot account for the scale effect.