Attention: Selection in the domains of space, time and task

注意力在行为和思想的组织以及现实世界的表现质量中起着关键作用。根据一种分类法，注意力是由独立但相互作用的认知系统组成的，这些认知系统起着中介作用：定向、警觉和执行控制。通过整合这三种观点，我们建立在这种注意力方法的基础上，但又背离了这种注意力方法：选择意味着忽视，选择可以自动控制（通过本能或习惯）或努力控制（通过有意策略），选择可以发生在空间，时间和任务或资源分配的领域。近年来，我们在注意力领域取得了重要的方法论、经验和理论进展，包括注意力的一个组成部分--定向，以及对返回的抑制，这是定向的一个组成部分，它鼓励对新奇事物的注意。本文介绍了我们在注意、定向和返回抑制方面的研究进展，并以此作为研究的基础。我们的目标是：1）完善并提出一种改进的注意力分类法，2）更好地理解它所暗示的六种选择的操作特征，3）完善并提出我们为探索这些操作特征而开发的新方法，4）开发计算上明确的模型或理论，说明选择如何受到内外因素的控制，5）测试我们的理论和建模工作所产生的特定假设，或者由我们的经验发现所激发的特定假设，以及6）应用我们的方法和认知过程的知识，以帮助创造一个更好，更安全，更健康的世界。我们将用来实现这些目标的主要方法是行为测量（在精心设计的，通常是双重任务的情况下，人类的感知和表现），计算建模（例如，人工神经网络建模）和最近的神经成像（主要是ERP;但也包括fMRI）。虽然这是一个个人的发现补助金申请，“我们”已经被故意使用，因为我的RA和学员和我是一个团队，其成功取决于智力合作，交叉培训和思想共享。

Attention plays a pivotal role in the organization of behavior and thought and in the quality of real-world performance. According to one taxonomy, attention it is composed of isolable but interacting cognitive systems that mediate: orienting, alertness and executive control. We build upon, and yet depart from this approach to attention, by integrating, these three ideas: selecting implies neglecting, selection can be controlled automatically (by instinct or habit) or effortfully (through intentional strategy) and selection can take place in the domains of space, time and task or resource allocation. In recent years, we have contributed important methodological, empirical and theoretical advances in the field of attention generally, to orienting which is a component of attention, and to inhibition of return, which is a component of orienting that is encourages attention to novelty. Our research progress on attention, orienting and inhibition of return is presented and used as a foundation for the proposed research. Our objectives are: 1) to refine and put forward an improved taxonomy of attention, 2) to better understand the operating characteristics of the six kinds of selection it implies, 3) to refine and put forward the novel methods we have developed for exploring these operating characteristics, 4) to develop computationally explicit models or theories of how selection is controlled by endogenous and exogenous factors, 5) to test specific hypotheses that arise out of our theoretical and modeling efforts or that are stimulated by our empirical discoveries, and 6) to apply our methods and knowledge of cognitive processes to help make a better, safer and healthier world. The primary methods that we will use to achieve these objectives are behavioral measurement (of human perception and performance in carefully designed, often dual task, situations), computational modeling (e.g., artificial neural network modeling) and, recently, neuroimaging (primarily ERPs; but also fMRI). Although this is an individual discovery grant application, "we" has been used deliberately because my RA and trainees and I are a team whose successes depend on intellectual collaboration, cross-training and the sharing of ideas.