Instrumentation for nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption and luminescence: from protein dynamics to photovoltaics

从生物学到光化学（太阳能电池），快速（不到一秒）反应对于各种化学系统的功能至关重要。呼吸所需的酶促反应依赖于毫秒或更快的反应，就像肌肉运动所必需的膜结合离子通道的协调、大规模运动一样。同样，光与物质之间的相互作用是光化学的效率和成功（或失败）的基础。快速的光引发反应在合成化学和疾病治疗中也越来越受到关注。发展对快速过程的详细时间理解是一个持续的挑战，它跨越了物理科学中的许多学科。

Fast (less than one second) reactions are imperative for function in an enormous variety of chemical systems, from biology to photovoltaics (solar cells). The enzymatic reactions required for respiration rely upon millisecond or faster reactivity, as do the coordinated, large-scale motions of membrane-bound ion channels that are essential to muscle movement. Likewise, the interactions between light and matter underlie the efficiency and success (or failure) of photovoltaics. Fast, photo-initiated reactions also are gaining attention in synthetic chemistry and disease treatments. Developing detailed temporal understanding of rapid processes is an ongoing challenge that spans a great many disciplines in the physical sciences.