"Mathematical Cognition: Effects of Educational Experience, Language, and Working Memory"

大多数人每天都面临着需要定量技能的决策：银行，烹饪和购物是明显的例子，但数学也涉及健康维护（减肥，运动），赌博以及理解世界问题，如人口控制和气候变化。由于人们每天都要经历大量的定量数据，因此了解所涉及的认知过程以及这些过程在个人之间的可变性与个人参与社会有关，因此具有直接的实际益处。从理论上讲，数学是一个易于处理的领域，可以用来检验诸如思考者如何处理多项脑力任务等理论。我正在进行的研究项目解决了人们如何存储和访问他们的数学知识的问题。本研究的重点是探讨人们如何利用有限的智力资源来管理复杂的数学活动。 考虑以下情况：您需要估计一个13 x 8.5 m的房间的平方英尺。你有几个选择。你可以用学校里教的求解算法。 你可以使用计算器。 你可以想象这些数字并在心里计算。 或者，您可以将8.5四舍五入到10，并回答一个近似的答案，“大约130平方米”。 你选择哪种解决方法将取决于情况，取决于你的数学能力，以及答案所需的精度。在我的研究中，我们将联合收割机算术任务与其他已知需要特定脑力资源的任务结合起来，以确定人们如何解决数学问题。例如，参与者可能会被要求在解决上述问题时记住视觉或语言信息，然后我们测试他们的心理过程如何受到特定记忆需求的影响。我对数学中的个体差异特别感兴趣。在过去的25年里，我对数学认知的研究为成年人在数字任务中使用的心理过程的灵活性和多样性提供了见解。这些见解和本提案中描述的进一步研究将使我们对人们如何解决数学问题的理解取得进展。

Most people are confronted with decisions that require quantitative skills on a daily basis: Banking, cooking, and shopping are obvious examples, but math is also involved in health maintenance (weight loss, exercise), gambling, and in understanding world issues such as population control and climate change. Because people experience a daily barrage of quantitative data, understanding the cognitive processes that are involved and the variability of such processes across individuals is relevant to individuals' participation in society and thus is of immediate practical benefit. Theoretically, mathematics is a tractable domain in which to test theories about how, for example, thinkers are able to manage multiple mental tasks. My ongoing research program addresses questions about how people store and access their mathematical knowledge. The present proposal is focused on how people use limited mental resources to manage complex mathematical activities. Consider the following: You need to estimate the square footage of a room that measures 13 x 8.5 m. You have several options. You could use the solution algorithm taught in school. You could use a calculator. You might visualize the numbers and mentally calculate. Or, you could estimate by rounding 8.5 to 10 and responding with an approximate answer, "about 130 square metres". Which solution approach you choose will depend on the situation, on your mathematical competencies, and on the precision required for the answer. In my research, we combine arithmetical tasks with other tasks known to require specific mental resources to determine how people solve mathematical problems. For example, participants might be asked to remember visual or verbal information while solving the above problem and then we test how their mental processes are affected by the specific memory demands. I am particularly interested in individual differences in mathematics. Over the last 25 years, my research on mathematical cognition has provided insights into the flexibility and diversity of mental processes that adults use on numerical tasks. These insights and the further research described in this proposal will allow advances in our understanding of how people solve mathematical problems.