Top-down cross-modal influences on simple perceptual tasks

认知错觉为理解一系列语境中的认知过程提供了重要的基础。认知任务执行中的这种错误来源一直是指导研究者了解低水平知觉经验背后的机制(Bregman，1993；Lackner，1972；Milner&Dyde，2003；Warren，1981,1993)、记住(Bartlett，1932；Jacoby&Whitehouse，；Johnson等，1993；Roediger&McDermott，1995)以及判断和决策(Kahneman&Tversky，1973,1979)的根本原因。这项研究表明，人类的信息处理反映了一种有时是错误的现实结构(参见Koriat等人，2000，和Warren，1981，以获得评论)。就听觉知觉经验而言，对建构过程的这种作用的认识必须补充更传统的方法，即研究感觉输入的低水平加工在简单声音和声音序列的知觉中的作用(例如，Hirsh，1959；Miller&Dexter，1988)。根据Bregman(1993)和Warren(1993)的观点，我的研究将平衡自下而上加工在听觉和视觉知觉中的作用这一更典型的强调，通过提供对听觉和视觉事件的空间位置、时间持续时间和强度的知觉的自上而下错误来源的调查。因为我的目标是获得对基本认知过程的新见解，所以从我的研究计划中获得的知识将在不同的领域广泛适用。例如，感知上的错误和低效可能是在课堂上获得技能方面取得进展的障碍，也可能是工作场所生产率的障碍。在其他情况下，生与死之间的区别取决于对迅速变化的环境做出有效反应，感知障碍威胁着从航空旅行、紧急医疗到武装部队任务等领域的人类安全。

Cognitive illusions have provided an essential basis for understanding cognitive processes across a range of contexts. Such sources of error in the performance of cognitive tasks have been fundamental in instructing researchers about mechanisms underlying low-level perceptual experience (Bregman, 1993; Lackner, 1972; Milner & Dyde, 2003; Warren, 1981, 1993), remembering (Bartlett, 1932; Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989; Johnson, et al., 1993; Roediger & McDermott, 1995), and judgment and decision-making (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973, 1979). This research has shown that human information processing reflects a construction of reality that is sometimes erroneous (see Koriat, et al., 2000, and Warren, 1981, for reviews). In the case of auditory perceptual experience, an appreciation of this role of constructive processes must complement the more traditional approach of investigating the role of low-level processing of sensory inputs in the perception of simple sounds and sound sequences (e.g., Hirsh, 1959; Miller & Dexter, 1988). Persuaded by arguments provided by Bregman (1993) and Warren (1993), my proposed research will balance this more typical emphasis on the role of bottom-up processing in auditory and visual perception by providing an investigation of top-down sources of error in the perception of the spatial location, temporal duration and intensity of auditory and visual events. Because my goal is to obtain novel insights into fundamental cognitive processes, the knowledge gained from my research program will have broad applicability across a diversity of fields. For example, errors and inefficiency in perception may represent obstacles to progress in the acquisition of skill in the classroom and to productivity in the workplace. In other contexts for which the difference between life and death depends on responding effectively to rapidly changing circumstances, impairments of perception threaten human safety in domains ranging from air travel, emergency medicine, to armed forces missions.