Isolation and characterization of C.elegans meiotic mutants - regulation of chromosome association dynamics during meiosis

细胞分裂过程中对染色体结合和解离的严格控制确保了子代细胞的活性。在减数分裂过程中，染色体分两步分离，首先同源染色体在减数分裂I中分离，然后姐妹染色单体在减数分裂II中分离。为了避免已经在减数分裂I中的姐妹染色单体突然分离和随后的细胞分裂崩溃，不能从减数分裂I染色体上完全去除凝聚蛋白。真核细胞通过不同地保护染色体上的凝聚蛋白亚群不受分离酶的影响来实现这一点，分离酶是断开染色体连接所需的一种酶。通过选择性地保护凝聚力蛋白，减数分裂细胞可以在同源分离后维持姐妹染色单体关联。这种凝聚力的保护与着丝粒的存在有关，着丝粒是姐妹染色单体之间的连接点，也是染色体与纺锤体相连的中心枢纽。然而，一整套动植物物种的细胞的染色体并没有典型的着丝粒。尽管如此，对这些生物的染色体凝聚力的保护仍然需要发生。

The tight control of chromosome association and dissociation during cell division ensures the viability of daughter cells. In meiosis, chromosomes separate in two steps such that first homologs segregate in meiosis I and later sister chromatids disjoin in meiosis II. To avoid the sudden separation of sister chromatids already in meiosis I and subsequent collapse of cell division, cohesion proteins must not be completely removed from meiosis I chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells accomplish that by differentially protecting subsets of cohesion proteins on chromosomes from the activity of separase, an enzyme required to break chromosomal links. By selectively protecting cohesion proteins, meiotic cells can sustain sister chromatid association past homolog segregation. This protection of cohesion has been correlated with the presence of the centromere, the connecting point between sister chromatids and a center hub from where chromosomes attach to the spindle. However, a whole set of animal and plant species have cells whose chromosomes do not have a classic centromere. Nonetheless, protection of chromosome cohesion in these organisms still needs to occur.