Momentum Fluxes, Turbulence and Energy/Momentum Transport in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere (1 to 100km altitude)

大气环流对加拿大和全世界公民的生活都有深远的影响。它不知道人类指定的边界，任何一个地点的影响都与其他地点的影响和后果错综复杂地交织在一起。大气波在大气不同区域之间的通信中起着特别重要的作用。作为长期相互作用的例子，安第斯山脉上空的气流产生的波可影响大西洋上空平流层的环流，北美落基山脉上空的平流层急流产生扰动和低气压系统，给美国东北部和加拿大带来恶劣天气。 在这个项目中，目的是研究这些类型的相互作用，特别关注作为地球环流的关键驱动因素的波和波状运动，以及它们传输动量和能量的方法。我们的研究超越了对大气层较低区域的调查，不仅在全球范围内观察地球，而且还在从地面到空间边缘(这里的高度约为100公里)的高度范围内观察地球。 为了进行这些研究，我们将使用专门设计用于测量这些事件的全球专用大气雷达网络，其中包括所谓的“重力波”、“行星波”和大气层潮汐。当这些波破裂时产生的湍流也是一个令人感兴趣的主题。我不仅开发了这些仪器并在世界各地部署，而且还开发了测量它们影响的新实验方法，包括测量动量通量沉积和阻力等关键参数。这些研究利用了我在20年的时间框架内开发的这些雷达网，现在是时候利用这些努力的好处，通过这个延长的研究计划。

The circulation of the atmosphere has profound impact on the lives of citizens of both Canada and the world generally. It knows no human-designated borders, and effects at any one location are intricately entwined with impacts and consequences at other locations. Atmospheric waves play a particularly important role in communicating between different regions of the atmosphere. As examples of long-range interactions, waves generated by flow of air over the Andes Mountains can impact circulation in the stratosphere over the Atlantic Ocean, and Stratospheric jet-stream flows over the Rocky Mountains in North America produce perturbations and Low Pressure Systems which bring severe weather to north-eastern USA and Canada. In this project, the intent is to study these types of interactions, with particular focus on the waves and wave-like motions that are key drivers of the Earth's circulation, and the methods by which they transport momentum and energy. Our studies go beyond investigations of the lower regions of the atmosphere, and look at the Earth not only in global scope but also over altitude ranges from the ground to the edges of space (taken here to be around 100 km altitude). To perform these studies, we will use world-wide networks of dedicated atmospheric radars specially designed to measure these events, which include so-called "gravity waves", "planetary waves", and atmospheric tides. The resultant turbulence which develops when these waves break is also a subject of interest. I have not only developed these instruments and deployed them world-wide, but have also developed new experimental methods for measuring their impact, including measurements of key parameters like momentum flux deposition and drag. Such studies draw on my development of these radar networks over a 20-year time-frame, and the time is now at hand to capitalize on the benefits of these efforts with this extended study program.