PHuman: Parametric, multiscale modeling and simulation of human anatomy

人体的计算机建模和仿真正在迅速成为包括工程、教育、娱乐、生理学和医学在内的广泛学科中的关键和核心工具。人体解剖学的详细几何模型可用作教学辅助工具，并提供逼真的计算机角色动画。从人体工程学分析到医学研究和治疗，动态肌肉骨骼模型被广泛应用。可变形的组织模型用于手术模拟，并且随着其保真度的提高而越来越多地用于其他应用。 该提案旨在通过启动人体肌肉骨骼解剖学的动态，参数化，多尺度模型的开发来推进这项技术，该模型后来可以扩展到包括器官结构和其他子系统。我们的工业合作伙伴Autodesk Research预计将以此为基础，将动态人体模型集成到Autodesk的计算机产品套件中（例如，Maya和AutoCAD），用于广泛的潜在应用，包括人体工程学研究、高级动画以及医疗培训和模拟。 我们提出的模型将在几个方面提高最先进的水平。首先，它将提供非常高的精度，包括高分辨率的骨骼表面和肌肉纤维结构和羽纹的详细表示。第二，而目前的商业肌肉骨骼建模系统一般使用点对点的肌肉模型，我们将提供三维有限元（FEM）肌肉模型加上多体仿真技术，包括接触处理和约束。 第三，该模型将是多尺度的，用户能够从各种分辨率中选择组件，以允许在准确性和计算速度之间进行权衡。第四，模型将是参数化的，允许用户通过调整参数来调整其形态特征。 最后，它将被设计为一个模板，可以全部或部分注册到主题数据中，以创建特定于主题的模型。

Computer modeling and simulation of the human body is rapidly becoming a critical and central tool in a broad range of disciplines, including engineering, education, entertainment, physiology and medicine. Detailed geometric models of human anatomy are available for use as instructional aids and providing realistic computer character animation. Dynamic musculoskeletal models are employed in activities ranging from ergonomic analysis to medical research and treatments. Deformable tissue models are used for surgical simulation, and increasingly for other applications as their fidelity improves. This proposal aims to advance this technology by initiating the development of a dynamic, parametric, multiscale model of human musculoskeletal anatomy that can later be extended to include organ structures and other subsystems. Our industrial partner, Autodesk Research, anticipates using this as the basis for dynamic human models to be integrated into Autodesk's suite of computer products (e.g., Maya and AutoCAD) for a broad range of potential applications including ergonomic studies, advanced animation, and medical training and simulation. Our proposed model will enhance the state-of-the-art in several ways. First, it will provide very high accuracy, including high-resolution bone surfaces and detailed representations of muscle fibre structure and pennation. Second, whereas present commercial musculoskeletal modeling systems generally use point-to-point muscle models, ours will provide 3D finite element (FEM) muscle models coupled with multibody simulation techniques including contact handling and constraints. Third, the model will be multiscale, with users able to select components from a variety of resolutions to allow trade-offs between accuracy and computational speed. Fourth, the model will be parametric, allowing users to adjust its morphological characteristics by adjusting parameters. Finally, it will be designed as a template that can be registered, in whole or in part, onto subject data to create subject-specific models.