Accounting for Hydrologic and Land-Atmospheric Functions of Man-Made Reservoirs across Canadian Regions

人工水库是加拿大和世界各地水资源管理的关键，用于多种目的，从水力发电到供水，防洪和娱乐。尽管有重大的社会经济效益，大规模的环境变化与水库运行。最重要的是，水库的蓄水具有显著的调节作用，在时间和空间上严重扰乱了径流和地表水的储存。此外，水库将自然土地覆盖物变为开放水域，因此扰乱了土地与大气之间的水和能量通量。这可能会进一步与当地和区域气候相互作用，并导致一种新形式的“人为气候变化”，而不仅仅是温室气体的排放。 解决水库的调节和陆地-大气影响问题需要通过通用数学算法来表示其功能，并将其纳入影响评估的大规模模型结构。尽管迫切需要改善定量理解，目前的建模和预测能力是广泛不完整的，并受到很大的不确定性。最根本的是，水库的陆地-大气影响完全没有考虑在内。此外，现有的算法代表水库的调节效果有很大的局限性，并导致在模拟水库的当前和未来的影响相当大的偏差。这种差距需要重大的科学发展，以改善水库运作及其在更大尺度上的调节和陆地-大气影响的代表性。 这项为期5年的研究计划旨在为改善水库对水，能源和气候循环的当前和未来影响的评估迈出重要一步。该计划的短期范围是开发用于评估加拿大水库调节和陆地-大气影响的改进模型，并有三个目标：（1）开发新的算法，以改进水库运行调节效应的表示;（2）通过该计划提出的统一水库模型的新框架，开发水库调节和陆地-大气影响的耦合表示;以及（3）评估当前和未来水库运行对加拿大一系列地区的当地和流域径流和陆地-大气通量的影响。除了提供一套可在其他地区和全球使用的遗传建模工具外，该计划还提供了对加拿大水库运行导致的水文和陆地大气变化的当前和未来程度的第一手了解，并可以为当地和流域尺度的适应和缓解工作提供信息。

Manmade reservoirs are key to water resource management in Canada and throughout the world, and are used for multiple purposes, ranging from hydropower production to water supply, flood protection and recreation. Despite major socio-economic benefits, massive environmental changes are associated with reservoir operation. Most importantly, significant regulative effects are associated with reservoirs’ impoundment, which can severely perturb the streamflow regime and surface water storage in time and space. In addition, reservoirs alter the natural land cover to open water, and therefore, perturb the water and energy fluxes between the land and the atmosphere. This may further interact with local and regional climate, and lead to a new form of “anthropogenic climate change”, beyond the emission of Greenhouse Gases. Addressing the regulative and land-atmospheric effects of reservoirs requires representing their functions through generic mathematical algorithms and including them into the structure of large-scale models for impact assessment. Despite urgent need for improved quantitative understanding, current modeling and prediction capability is widely incomplete and is subject to large uncertainty. Most fundamentally, the land-atmospheric effects of reservoirs are wholly unaccounted. In addition, existing algorithms for representing the regulative effects of reservoirs have major limitations and result into considerable bias in simulating current and future effects of reservoirs. Such gaps necessitate major scientific developments towards improved representation of reservoir operation and their regulative and land-atmospheric effects at larger scales. This 5-years research program is proposed to put a major step towards improved assessment of current and future effects of reservoirs on water, energy and climate cycles. The short-term scope of this program is on developing improved models for assessing the regulative and land-atmospheric effects of Canadian reservoirs and has three objectives: (1) developing new algorithms for improved representation of regulative effects of reservoir operation; (2) developing coupled representations of regulative and land-atmospheric effects of reservoirs through the novel framework of Unified Reservoir Models, proposed in this program; and (3) assessing current and future effects of reservoir operation on local and basin-wide streamflow and land-atmospheric fluxes across a range of Canadian regions. Apart from providing a set of genetic modeling tools that can be used in other regions and globally, this program offers a first-hand understanding on current and future extents of hydrologic and land-atmospheric changes as a result of reservoir operation in Canada and can inform adaptation and mitigation efforts at local and catchment scales.